tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14540518700549754972024-03-05T15:45:32.545-08:00XPYRPRESS.COMXpyr Press: focusing on critical issues, atypical and holistic perspectives, and voices from underrepresented communities; contact: xpyrpress@gmail.comxpyr presshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12988452356594125772noreply@blogger.comBlogger105125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1454051870054975497.post-64670975858470571512023-07-31T08:20:00.008-07:002023-08-08T01:19:36.085-07:00Sista Resister<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><span face="Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: large;"> </span><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: large;">Sista Resister</span></b></span></p><p style="background-color: white;"></p><p class="Standard" style="background-color: white; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><b><span>Bios of 50 Radical Women of Color Activists Resisting Sexism, Colonialism & Racism</span> </b></span></p><p class="Standard" style="background-color: white; text-align: justify;"></p><p class="Standard" style="background-color: white; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">by m seenarine</span></p><p class="Standard" style="background-color: white; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Xpyr Press 2023. 327 pages</span></p><div class="separator" style="background-color: white; clear: both; color: #4e2800; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/1734651407" style="color: #f48d1d; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2775" data-original-width="1893" height="415" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhc1OYlQyc6JgjFV7-Z_whFs8RJ_v28ID0IFupN8dilyQiU7xdMGvrcK-RHGVcSmNKQp-DxzkEpBuum6JSSq3Uu2Ibosq-lyeO3gGJpxyulOdGmehN2Q0VX7WInOuAxmer0b3HUOS8Lzw9h46JVdhxDKev9uid5t-nq-w8blWs1qa6N1LJX61KfNXeN5PiC/w283-h415/2c0f431a-086a-42c7-9a16-93dbe8c1b9e3%20-2.jpg" style="background: transparent; border-radius: 0px; border: 1px solid transparent; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 0px 0px; padding: 8px; position: relative;" width="283" /></span></a></div><p style="background-color: white; color: #4e2800;"></p><p class="Standard" style="background-color: white; color: #4e2800; text-align: justify;"></p><p class="Standard" style="background-color: white; text-align: center;"></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #4e2800;"></p><p class="Standard" style="background-color: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">This book presents 50 biographies of radical women of color activists from over 25 countries and terrorites. Available on <a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/1734651407" style="color: #f48d1d; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Amazon</a></span></p><p class="Standard" style="background-color: white; color: #4e2800; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">About</span></b></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #4e2800;"></p><p class="Standard" style="background-color: white; color: #4e2800; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The book, Sista Resister: Bios of 50 Radical Women of Color Activists Resisting Sexism, Colonialism & Racism, introduce the biographies of women from over 25 countries and territories. This eclectic collection of biographies of female activists show that 'Third World' females are active on a wide range of issues, from women's and children's health, to housing and labor rights, the environment and climate change. The book is divided into two sections. Part I, on current sista resisters, chronicles the lives of 30 contemporary female activists, from Mexico to the Philippines. The 20 life stories in Part II, on foresisters of resistance, establish that women in the Global South were some of the earliest feminist thinkers and writers in the world. Each life story refutes the common misrepresentation of Indigenous, African, Asian, Latina, Muslim, Dalit and other females as docile creatures in need of Western rescue. </span></p><p class="Standard" style="background-color: white; color: #4e2800; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Contrary to their depiction in mainstream media as passive and docile, women in the 'Third World' were some of the first women's rightist activists. For instance, Fang Weiyi (1585 to 1668) and Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz (1648 to 1695) wrote about women's rights a century before Mary Wollstonecraft (1759 to 1797), whose essay, “A Vindication of the Rights of Woman” (1792), is widely regarded as one of the first feminist text. And, Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain's (1880 to 1932) feminist science fiction novella, <i>Sultana's Dream</i> (1905), was written a decade before Charlotte Perkins Gilman's popular feminist utopian novel, <i>Herland</i> (1915). One of the main goals of this book is to amplify the voices of high-melanin female activists, and examples of their work are included in each portrait.</span></p><p class="Standard" style="background-color: white; color: #4e2800; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>Table of Contents</b></span></p><p class="Standard" style="background-color: white; color: #4e2800; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"></span></p><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody><tr><td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><i>Defining Terms and Intentions</i><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">ix<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><i>Glossary</i><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">x<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><i>Acknowledgments</i><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">xv<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><i>Preface</i><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">1<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><i>Introduction</i><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">9<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"> </span></i></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>PART I - CONTEMPORARY RESISTERS</b><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">1. Rebecca Lolosoli (Kenya)<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">47<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">2. Audra Simpson (Mohawk/Canada)<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">50<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">3. Marielle Franco (Rio, Brazil)<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">53<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">4. Sarah Deer (Muscogee/US)<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">58<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">5. Lydia Cacho (Mexico)<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">63<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">6. Yue Xin (Beijing, China)<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">68<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">7. Ece Temelkuran (Turkey)<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">72<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">8. Moya Bailey (Georgia, US)<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">77<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">9. Asmaa Mahfouz (Egypt)<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">81<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">10. Alma Caballero (Mexico)<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">86<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">11. Nadia Murad (Iraq)<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">89<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">12. Leymah Gbowee (Liberia)<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">93<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">13. Winona LaDuke (Ojibwe/US)<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">97<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">14. Malalai Joya (Afghanistan)<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">100<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">15. Risa Hontiveros (Philippines)<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">106<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">16. Wu Qing (Beijing, China)<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">109<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">17. Randa Jarrar (Chicago, US)<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">112<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">18. Tawakkol Karman (Yemen)<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">116<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">19. Norma Vázquez (Mexico)<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">120<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">20. LaDonna Brave Bull (Sioux/US)<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">124<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">21. Rigoberta Menchú (Guatemala)<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">128<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">22. Haneen Zoabi (Nazareth, Israel)<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">132<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">23. Carmen Cruz (Puerto Rico)<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">136<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">24. Phoolan Devi (India)<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">140<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">25. Alice Walker (Georgia, US)<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">145<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">26. Wangari Maathai (Kenya)<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">151<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">27. Haunani-Kay Trask (Hawaiʻi/US)<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">155<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">28. Loujain AlHathloul (Saudia Arabia)<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">161<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">29. Berta Cáceres (Honduras)<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">165<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">30. Assata Shakur (US/Cuba)<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">169<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"> </span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>PART II - FORESISTAS of RESISTANCE</b><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">31. Queen Nzinga (Angola)<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">178<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">32. Fang Weiyi (China)<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">182<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">33. Sor Juana (Mexico)<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">185<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">34. Queen Aliquippa (Seneca/US)<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">190<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">35. Sojourner Truth (NY, US)<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">194<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">36. Bamewawagezhikaquay (Ojibwe/US)<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">202<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">37. Savitribai Phule (South Asia)<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">207<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">38. Forten Women (PA, US)<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">212<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">39. Harriet Tubman (MD, US)<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">219<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">40. Dolores Jiménez (Mexico)<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">228<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">41. Rokeya Hossain (South Asia)<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">233<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">42. Raden Adjeng Kartini (Indonesia)<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">238<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">43. Ida Bell Wells (MS, US)<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">243<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">44. Bibi Khānom Astarābādi (Iran)<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">251<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">45. Hiratsuka Raichō (Japan)<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">255<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">46. Lucy Parsons (TX, US)<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">260<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">47. Mirair Ngirmang (Palau)<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">266<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">48. María Rivera (Peru)<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">270<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">49. Yuri Kochiyama (CA, US)<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">274<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">50. Lolita Lebrón (Puerto Rico)<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">281<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"> </span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>ADDENDUM</b><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Abolition & Women's Rights (US)<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">289<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Endnotes<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">297<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.25pt;" valign="top" width="270"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"> </span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"> </span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="Standard" style="background-color: white; color: #4e2800; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #4e2800;"></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #4e2800;"></p><p></p>xpyr presshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12988452356594125772noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1454051870054975497.post-59651468417771812652023-03-08T08:17:00.004-08:002023-08-08T01:30:25.919-07:00Kalapani<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Kalapani:</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b>Studies in South Asian Diaspora</b></div><p></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">by M.K. Gautam and M. Seenarine</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">2023 Xpry Press. 303 pages. ISBN: <span face=""Amazon Ember", Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">979-8378740017</span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://a.co/d/7oJfG5o" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1500" data-original-width="1000" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCa94FwayZkumvIuQ-sgFaIpQWCPaeI1J0u_2LlfiuRNCJwiESWHOFNf7yijxML2O7CjA6pqqwsfnLCV2lJsAZoTIAIqXYqJchsQDZUP8nufo9rdK5MuyaZz0kduYv5m6XJxF7pXSYu8aOYZQarEdKGcgIvLR0ncpXEfs8IknpD16b7Kw6oa2OXCFmog/w266-h400/Kalapani.jpg" width="266" /></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #0f1111; text-align: left;"><br />Available on </span><a href="https://a.co/d/7oJfG5o" style="text-align: left;" target="_blank">Amazon</a></span></div><p></p><p></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #0f1111; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Over 1.75 billion people in the world are South Asian. The “South Asian Diaspora” refers to people from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, and the Maldives who live outside their country of origin. With 20 million living beyond the region, the South Asian diaspora represents the largest group of people who have spread or been dispersed from their homeland.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0f1111;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;">These five articles on the South Asian diaspora offers historical and contemporary perspectives on immigration, with a focus on Surinam, Trinidad and Guyana. Authors include Dr. Mohan K. Gautam, Dr. Radica Mahase, Dr. Moses Seenarine, Alice Bhagwandy Sital Persaud and Mrinal Kant Pandey.</div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0f1111; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Dr. Mohan Gautam is a lifelong scholar of Indian culture and world languages. Gautam has lectured extensively across the Globe and has written 36 books and 150 articles on Indian culture, music, anthropology, literature, and museology, in Hindi, Urdu, Panjabi, Bengali, English and Norwegian. </span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #0f1111; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0f1111; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Dr. Moses Seenarine is a graduate of Columbia University and a sociology professor in Los Angeles. Seenarine is the author of Voices from the Subaltern: Education and Empowerment Among Dalit (Untouchable) Women in India (2004); and Cyborgs Versus the Earth Goddess: Men's Domestication of Women and Animals, and Female Resistance (2017). </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Table of Contents</span></b></p><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody><tr><td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 251.75pt;" valign="top" width="336"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>1</b> - "The Construction of the Indian Image in Surinam: Deconstructing Colonial Derogatory Notions and Reconstructing Indian Identity" by Mohan K. Gautam <o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">9 - 69<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 251.75pt;" valign="top" width="336"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>2 </b>- "From Plantations to Parliament: Indian Contribution to the Development of Trinidad and Tobago, 1845 Onwards" by Radica Mahase <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">70 - 96<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 251.75pt;" valign="top" width="336"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>3</b> - "recasting indian women in colonial guyana: gender, labor and caste in the lives of indentured and free laborers" by m. seenarine <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">97 - 209<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 251.75pt;" valign="top" width="336"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>4</b> - Autobiography of Alice Bhagwandy Sital Persaud (1892-1958) <o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">210 - 250<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 251.75pt;" valign="top" width="336"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>5 </b>- "Diffusion and Dispersal of Indian Diaspora" by Mrinal Kant Pandey <o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">251 - 285<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 251.75pt;" valign="top" width="336"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Index <i><o:p></o:p></i></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">286 - 290<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody></tbody></table><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"></span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span face=""Amazon Ember", Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #0f1111;"></span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>xpyr presshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12988452356594125772noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1454051870054975497.post-1109606543660920252021-07-04T13:09:00.012-07:002023-07-31T23:13:47.464-07:00Haunani-Kay Trask<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><p style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: large; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhz7WSySKIE7Wp-ciGKgV61B-iCNeFqFwGkRW9iSXYBjGyUsFgcvCTmew5BYmNUfem-wE2mSza61EZepDVzS7tZ_5ysnHV46Kv8bH_PTsLGOd_elTFkR5X-4pqAyqruA_D4AbiZpoy-XM0h/s760/web1_19990408-CTY-trask-2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="760" data-original-width="489" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhz7WSySKIE7Wp-ciGKgV61B-iCNeFqFwGkRW9iSXYBjGyUsFgcvCTmew5BYmNUfem-wE2mSza61EZepDVzS7tZ_5ysnHV46Kv8bH_PTsLGOd_elTFkR5X-4pqAyqruA_D4AbiZpoy-XM0h/s320/web1_19990408-CTY-trask-2.jpg" /></a> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: large; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #4e2800; text-align: justify;">(Excerpt from </span><i style="background-color: white; color: #4e2800; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/1734651407" target="_blank">Sista Resister: Bios of 50 Radical Women of Color Activists Resisting Sexism, Colonialism & Racism</a></i><span style="background-color: white; color: #4e2800; text-align: justify;"> by m seenarine. Xpyr Press.)</span></span></div><p></p><blockquote>“Politics - the blind are showing movies/in the plaza/so the deaf are gathering/in the plaza/so the mute can debate/in the plaza/the fate/of one beloved nation.”</blockquote></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>- Merlinda Bobis (born 1959) is a Philippine-Australian writer & academic.</div><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Chapter 27. </span>Haunani-Kay Trask<span style="font-size: medium;"> (Hawaiʻi/US)</span></b></h1><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Introduction: Gynocentrism and Gift Economy</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Among the Indigenous people of Turtle Island, corn was the staple crop, and the Green Corn Dance was celebrated from North to South America. This important dance varies by group, but the core is a commemoration of the gift of corn by an ancestral corn Goddess. This sacred gift was reciprocated among the people of many nations. In matrilineal cultures, corn was stored in large granaries and distributed equitably by the clan mothers, the oldest women from every extended family. Since Indigenous communities placed an emphasis on sharing and equity, inequality and stratification were far less of a problem than in Europe.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Gynocentric theorists link many forms of social oppression to male domination and the exchange economy. These feminists suggest that only by dismantling male rule and phallic supremacy will many of the social problems that plague our modern world be mitigated. In her fictional account of a mother-centered culture, “The World of the Gift Economy,” feminist scholar Genevieve Vaughan describes the characteristics of the maternal gift economy as "Giving rather than exchange in the way we transmit our goods." The female-centered system is based on unilateral giving, like the mothering of little children, who cannot give back an equivalent in exchange for what they receive from caregivers.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Gynocentric and matriarchal cultures focus on meeting the needs of its members, which establishes bonds of mutuality and trust between givers and receivers. For example, Vaughan writes, "Hums like to guess each other's needs, so it is not unusual if I need a new pair of shoes to find them on my doorstep without my even asking anyone." The relational economy helps the future society the author describes in “The World of the Gift Economy,” to overcome competition and violence so prevalent in male-dominated societies in each corner of the globe. She writes, "The elimination of Patriarchy and exchange everywhere has defused the emphasis on categorization and belonging to superior categories that was part of racism, classism and sexism."</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Despite centuries of patriarchal colonization, it is remarkable that some gynocentric traditions remain, even in the colonized US, and other parts of Turtle Island. Many Indigenous survivors understand and write about the importance of maintaining female-centered ways of knowing and being, like gift-giving. First Nations female scholars also document the intersection of colonization, dispossession and racism on Turtle Island, and feminist, cultural, environmental and social justice activists could learn much from these women. A shining example of Indigenous female leadership is Haunani-Kay Trask of Hawaiʻi.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Haunani-Kay's Biography</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Haunani-Kay Trask (born October 3rd 1949) is a Hawaiian nationalist, educator, political scientist and writer whose genealogy connects her to the Piʻilani line on her maternal side and the Kahakumakaliua line on her paternal side. The Hawaiian native grew up on the island of Oʻahu and continues to reside there. Known as "The Gathering Place", Oʻahu is the third-largest Hawaiian Island. The island has around one million people, about two-thirds of the state's population.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Haunani-Kay earned a BA, MA and PhD in political science from the University of Wisconsin–Madison. She graduated in 1981, and her dissertation was published as <i>Eros and Power: The Promise of Feminist Theory</i> (1986). Trask is professor emeritus of the Kamakakūokalani Center for Hawaiian Studies at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, and has represented Native Hawaiians at the UN and other global forums. Sista Trask is the author of two poetry books, <i>Light in the Crevice Never Seen</i> (1994) and <i>Night Is a Sharkskin Drum</i> (2002). And in addition to her thesis, Dr. Trask published the nonfiction, <i>From a Native Daughter: Colonialism and Sovereignty in Hawaii </i>(1993).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Professor Trask co-wrote and co-produced the award-winning documentary, <i>Act of War: The Overthrow of the Hawaiian Nation</i> (2011). The scholar-activist also created an educational video on the Hawaiian Sovereignty movement, <i>Haunani-Kay Trask: We Are Not Happy Natives</i> (2002). In March 2017, Hawaiʻi Magazine recognized the Oʻahu native as one of the most influential women in Hawaiian history.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">As an Indigenous feminist, Haunani-Kay opposes tourism to Hawaiʻi, as well as US military's presence on the islands. In a 2014 interview, the Oʻahu native explained how she got involved with anti-military activism in the Pacific,</span></div><blockquote style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">I got involved with Kahoʻolawe and the whole archipelagic idea of bombing ranges when I came back from college [in the mid-1970s from the University of Wisconsin Madison]. My mother, who was very straight, said you better come home, these people are going out there [to Kaho‘olawe] and getting arrested, and some of them are dying. It sounds like something you’d like. So that’s how I got into it. I did come home, and I didn’t write my dissertation for two years because I was so engaged in this process.</span></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">More recently the professor has spoken against the Akaka Bill to establish a process for Native Hawaiians to gain federal recognition similar to the recognition that some Native American tribes currently possess. Advocates of Hawaiian sovereignty oppose the bill since it disregards the 1993 Public Law (103-150) in which the US Congress apologized "for the overthrow and the deprivation of the rights of Native Hawaiians to self-determination." Professor Trask exposes the Eurocentric settler bias and violence present in her native islands, writing,</span></div><blockquote style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The color of violence, then, is the color of white over black, white over brown, white over red, white over yellow. It is the violence of north over south, of continents over archipelagos, of settlers over natives and slaves.</span></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The Hawaiian studies scholar explains further that melaninized subjugation in the island chain is inter-linked with other layers of oppression,</span></div><blockquote style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Shaping this color scheme are the labyrinths of class and gender, of geography and industry, of metropoles and peripheries, of sexual definitions and confinements. There is not just one binary opposition, but many oppositions.</span></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Melaninized persecution is one form of patriarchal dualism among many. Intersectional oppression in Hawaiʻi is complicated and requires complex analysis and multi-disciplinary approaches. The political scientist describes different levels of violence inherent in the occupation of Indigenous lands by the most powerful nation in the Anglo-sphere,</span></div><blockquote style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Within colonialism, such as that now practiced in my own country of Hawai'i, violence against women of color, especially our Native women, is the economic and cultural violence of tourism and of militarism. It is the violence of our imprisonments: reservations, incarcerations, diasporas. It is the violence of military bases, of the largest porting of nuclear submarines in the world, of the inundation of our exquisite islands by eager settlers and tourists from the American and Asian continents.</span></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Predatory capitalism is part of colonialism and racism, and this gets translated into the society, language and institutions of Eurocentric rule on Turtle Island. The Hawaiian nationalist describes this process with regards to culture,</span></div><blockquote style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Colonialism began with conquest and is today maintained by a settler administration created out of the doctrine of cultural hierarchy. It is a hierarchy in which Euro-Americans and whiteness dominate non-Euro-Americans and darkness.</span></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Professor Trask contends that in a colonial country, there must be dominance and subordination, and low-melanin hegemony delineates this hierarchy in the US. Thus, the Indigenous political scientist argues,</span></div><blockquote style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">white people are the dominant group, Christianity is the dominant religion, capitalism is the dominant economy, and militarism is the dominant form of diplomacy and the underlying force of international relations. Violence is thus normal, and race prejudice, like race violence, is as American as apple pie.</span></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">People of European descent are an elite minority in the islands. Low-melanin people comprise about 25 percent of the ethnically diverse state's 1.3 million residents, while those who identify as Native Hawaiian account for around 20 percent. Most residents are of mixed 'race,' so multi-racial people are the majority. The female Indigenous scholar explains how structural racism works in the US,</span></div><blockquote style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In a racist society, there is no need to justify white racist behavior. The naturalness of segregation and hierarchy is the naturalness of hearing English on the street, or seeing a McDonalds on every other corner, or assuming the U.S. dollar and United Airlines will enable a vacation in Hawai'i, my native country. Indeed, the natural, everyday presence of the "way things are" explains the strength and resilience of racism. Racism envelops us, intoxicating our thoughts, permeating our brains and skins, determining the shape of our growth and the longevity of our lives.</span></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">As an activist poet, Professor Trask employs the “art as an anvil” method in her writing style. Recognizing that Indigenous Hawaiians have been relegated to the margins of their society, the First Nations poet utilizes her words as weapons against the colonizing oppressors. An example of the art as anvil approach can be seen in the poem, "Racist White Woman," featured in her 1994 book,<i> Light in the Crevice Never Seen</i>:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><blockquote style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Racist White Woman</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">I could kick</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Your face, puncture</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Both eyes.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">You deserve this kind</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Of violence</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">No more vicious</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tongues, obscene</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Lies.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Just a knife</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Slitting your tight</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Little heart.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">For all my people</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Under your feet</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">For all those years</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Lived smug and wealthy</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Off our land</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Parasite arrogant</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">A fist</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In your painted</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Mouth, thick</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">With money</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">And piety.</span></div></blockquote><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span><div id="sdendnote8" style="text-align: left;">
</div>xpyr presshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12988452356594125772noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1454051870054975497.post-52310742795274509422021-05-16T14:56:00.010-07:002023-07-31T23:14:52.113-07:00Haneen Zoabi<p style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiOoTaJZxdISPmi7ztJIrqFATm_v8i4G8eReZBSrDuaetV-tmdi6EfB5bTtFD4auRm68pr0bmPMDgiWVB3ZWgkS3lHZHsDXd60veGsVlBs7ffEjCsIk9f_QOW5wuX4PBGCEhRwaK2zJAP5/s1138/Haneen_Zouabi%252C19_Feb._2012.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1138" data-original-width="1085" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiOoTaJZxdISPmi7ztJIrqFATm_v8i4G8eReZBSrDuaetV-tmdi6EfB5bTtFD4auRm68pr0bmPMDgiWVB3ZWgkS3lHZHsDXd60veGsVlBs7ffEjCsIk9f_QOW5wuX4PBGCEhRwaK2zJAP5/s320/Haneen_Zouabi%252C19_Feb._2012.jpg" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span>(Excerpt from </span><i><a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/1734651407" target="_blank">Sista Resister: Bios of 50 Radical Women of Color Activists Resisting Sexism, Colonialism & Racism</a></i><span> by m seenarine. Xpyr Press.)</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>Introduction: Zionism and Feminism</b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The overwhelming majority of people affected by divisive patriarchal ideologies such as racism, casteism, Zionism and Islamophobia are women and children. The survivors of thousands of years of misogynist authority and religion are also mostly women and children. Jews in the apartheid state of Israel consider themselves an integral part of the Anglo-sphere, and for over seven decades, Zionists have practiced some of the worse forms of Eurocentric oppression in the world against Indigenous Palestinians.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The 1947 UN Partition Plan for Palestine advocated for independent Arab and Jewish states, and a neutral Jerusalem. The UN Plan was rejected by Arab leaders, but the 1948 Arab–Jewish War led to the establishment of Israel over the former British territory. As tens of thousands of Eastern European Jews, Persian Jews, and other Jewish communities from across the globe migrated to colonize Palestine, they displaced millions of Indigenous Arabs, Christians, Druze and other local populations.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The West Bank and Gaza remained under Arab control, but the colonization continues with Zionist military occupation, illegal Jewish settlements, walled-in Palestinian ghettos, and the killings and imprisonment of Palestinians. As of 2013, the UN Human Rights Council (HRC) has condemned Israel in 45 resolutions. And, the UN General Assembly has adopted numerous resolutions saying that the strategic relationship between Israel and the USA encourages Israel to pursue aggressive and expansionist policies and practices.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Amira Hass, a Jewish female journalist argues, Israeli feminism has a dangerous mutation, namely the demand for an increasing number of women to assume “combat” roles. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><blockquote><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">We do not know whether some day they will have to defend the homeland from a foreign army. Meanwhile, they – like the male soldiers – are maintaining the military occupation and defending its trophies: the outposts and the settlements, all of them illegal. The female soldiers, like the men, whether or not they are combat soldiers, are sent to defend the observance of the Jewish mitzvah to abuse, to rob, to expel.(156)</span></blockquote><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Yet, patriarchal hegemony, including Jewish variants, is never complete, and the feminist agency of Palestinian women like Haneen Zoabi is a model of resistance for struggles in the Global South.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>Haneen's Biography</b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Haneen Zoabi (born May 23rd 1969) is a Palestinian educator, activist and politician. In 2009, Zoabi became the first woman elected from an Arab party to the Israeli Knesset, a parliament increasingly dominated by right-wing Jewish men. Haneen was born in Nazareth to a Muslim family. Nazareth, known as "the Arab capital of Israel," is the largest city in the Northern District. The population in the childhood home of Jesus is around 77,000, mostly Arab citizens of Israel, of whom 70 percent are Muslim and 30 percent Christian.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Sista Haneen described her parents as liberal Muslims, </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><blockquote><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">My parents are Muslims. They pray, they fast, they have been to Mecca, but they raised their children to think and feel as liberal, open-minded people.(157)</span></blockquote><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The Nazarene child grew up in a home where academic achievement was extolled. Her brother is an economist, with a degree from Tel Aviv University and one sister is an Arabic language instructor. Haneen earned a Bachelor of Arts in philosophy and psychology, and a Master of Arts in communications. She became the first Arab citizen of Israel to graduate in media studies, and she established the first media classes in Arab schools.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">After university, Nazareth's native daughter worked as a mathematics teacher and school inspector for the Ministry of Education. In 2003, Haneen co-founded an NGO to expose Israeli media bias. And in 2009, she resigned to focus on her political career. Zoabi decided to go into politics because of her family's commitment to public service, and her "desire to effect even small positive change for my people."</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Zoabi joined the Balad party in 2001 and entered the Knesset after the Arab party won three seats in the 2009 elections. The female Arab Parliamentarian served as a member of the Israeli Knesset until 2019. Haneen is a fierce advocate for Palestinian, Arab, women and non-Jewish rights in the Zionist state. She comments, "I was not elected to keep silent or sit at the table and clap."</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Like Jesus in his time, this female Nazarene is not afraid of speaking truth to power. Haneen's courageous voice interrupts the false narrative of Jewish Holocaust victims living peacefully in West Asia's only 'democratic' state. For example, the female Arab leader notes the hypocrisy of the Zionist state,</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><blockquote><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The state treats all Jews and Palestinians differently. Israel doesn't recognize us as the owners of this homeland. The theory is that we have equal civil rights, but the practice is very far from this.(158)</span></blockquote><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">In May 2010, the Parliamentarian participated in the Gaza Freedom Flotilla to deliver aid to the besieged Palestinian territory. The female Parliamentarian was on board the Turkish ship, MV Mavi Marmara, when Israeli commandos attacked and killed nine activists.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Zoabi was arrested, and she accused the Jewish authorities of acting criminally after her release,</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><blockquote><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">It was clear from the size of the force that boarded the ship that the purpose was not only to stop this sail, but to cause the largest possible number of fatalities in order to stop such initiatives in the future.(159)</span></blockquote><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">On July 13th, 2010, the Israeli Knesset voted to strip the female Arab parliamentarian of the right to hold a diplomatic passport, to participate in Knesset discussions, and to vote in parliamentary committees. Asked to describe what is it like being a Palestinian in Israel, the Nazarene politician responded,</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><blockquote><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Israel did everything it could to make us forget our history: controlling education and the media, putting us in a ghetto, preventing us from having normal relations with the Arab world and visiting our families in Syria and Lebanon.(160)</span></blockquote><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Zoabi is opposed to any form of mandatory national service for Israel's second-class Arab citizens. In 2009, she characterized right-wing Israeli politicians like Avigdor Lieberman, Tzipi Livni, and Benjamin Netanyahu as "a bunch of fascists pure and simple."</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">However, Zoabi observed that Israeli president Netanyahu is "much more dangerous" than Lieberman, because he, "shares Lieberman's fascist views but takes care to sugarcoat his message for the international media. My anger is real, not a joke for the TV cameras. I will not shake the hands of these men."(161)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">On July 29th, 2014, Zoabi was suspended again from the Knesset for six months. Of the parliament’s 120 members, at least 65 are part of the Zionist right and far-right. Nazareth's daughter regards the two-state solution as politically unrealistic, and the idea that Israel is a Jewish state as inherently racist. Instead, the Palestinian parliamentarian advocates a single state shared by Jews and Palestinian Arabs alike, with full equality and rights for all national and religious groups. Palestinians have advocated for this political solution ever since they rejected the 1947 UN Plan. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The Arab educator and activist explains her reasoning, </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><blockquote><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The reality of Israel's actions shows us that it's unrealistic to have a real sovereign state in the West Bank and Gaza with Jerusalem as the capital. The more realistic solution is one state with full national equality for both national groups.(162)</span></blockquote><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Zoabi argues that rejection of the Jewish state concept is the only way to combat right-wing Jewish leaders' demand that all Israeli citizens take loyalty oaths. She contends that it is Jewish right-wing leaders like Lieberman who should take an oath of loyalty. "He is an immigrant from Moldova. I was born here, as were my ancestors. He's the outsider, not me."</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Despite facing the wrath of the Israeli parliament and state, Haneen remains firm in her Indigenous views. Rejecting the 'Jewish state' concept, the Arab parliamentarian argues, is the only idea that can remove Lieberman from the circle of political and moral legitimacy... When you agree with the 'Jewish state' idea, you necessarily agree with the idea of loyalty to this state. Rejecting the 'Jewish state' concept will block the road for anyone who demands our loyalty to such a state.(163)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The former Palestinian teacher explains the source of her </span><span style="font-family: arial;">activism and courage,</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><blockquote><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">We didn't expect an easy struggle. I chose to be involved in politics because I was born in a racist context. I will continue using all the democratic tools that are available. I ask Israel not to push us into undesirable activities... We do not want to throw Jews into the sea. We are not against Jews. We are against Israeli policies and the definition of Israel as a Jewish state.(164)</span></blockquote><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Haneen continued,</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><blockquote><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">I have a vision of our rights as indigenous people. We didn't migrate to Israel; it is Israel that migrated to us.</span></blockquote><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Chapter 22. Haneen Zoabi (Nazareth, Israel)</span></p>xpyr presshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12988452356594125772noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1454051870054975497.post-16583645734269584322021-04-13T08:13:00.015-07:002023-07-31T23:16:14.809-07:00LaDonna Brave Bull<p style="break-before: page; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5tqkI5sHvGKWYOVvbwmGUc73r5DOpSfZpWH-0gDS9HHi8w5mTLL0d5bhijd4R6bTGUe4Un6a9wdbpTRdEi7Azpddaa3HalrxvTstU5WycKQ4-i8TIv6wvdnBP_lpY32JI67MXUOelKwVO/s938/171790748_10225251442936827_7805306482123045124_n.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="938" data-original-width="742" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5tqkI5sHvGKWYOVvbwmGUc73r5DOpSfZpWH-0gDS9HHi8w5mTLL0d5bhijd4R6bTGUe4Un6a9wdbpTRdEi7Azpddaa3HalrxvTstU5WycKQ4-i8TIv6wvdnBP_lpY32JI67MXUOelKwVO/s320/171790748_10225251442936827_7805306482123045124_n.jpg" /></a></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">(Excerpt from <i><a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/1734651407" target="_blank">Sista Resister: Bios of 50 Radical Women of Color Activists Resisting Sexism, Colonialism & Racism</a></i> by m seenarine. Xpyr Press.)<br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">20. LaDonna Brave Bull (Sioux/US)</span></h2><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /><b>Introduction: Indigenous Women's Resistance</b><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">In the Anglo-sphere, fake news of 'white' genocide is used to erase the actual genocide of Indigenous peoples in the US, Canada, Australia and elsewhere. Meanwhile, oil oligarchs in Russia and Europe continue to colonize and exploit Indigenous lands for profit in the Global North and across the Global South. The vast majority of Native people affected by dispossession and pollution are women and children, so First Nations' land rights is a feminist issue.</div></span><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">As the Anglo-sphere becomes increasingly racist against high-melanin migrants from the Global South, it is worth remembering that most people with low-melanin are themselves migrants, colonizers and occupiers of First Nations gynocentric lands on Turtle Island and traditions in the Global South.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Many mainstream Western feminists are reluctant to prioritize issues that are urgent crises in Indigenous communities. For example, the epidemic of missing and murdered Indigenous women and girls, the forced sterilization of Native women, the struggle for land rights, drug and alcohol addiction, and partner violence. There is a lack of awareness of the disproportionate sexual victimization of Indigenous women, specifically as targets of European American and Canadian men.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">i</a> In addition, there is little attention given to the capitalist ecocide being practiced in First Nations' environments by fossil fuel and other industries, like tar sands pollution, spills from oil pipelines and mining ponds, deforestation, and so on.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Despite 500 years of colonization, Western colonization and fossil fuel hegemony on Turtle Island are not complete. First Nations women and girls have resisted decades of carbon pollution, and there are millions of high-melanin female survivors of centuries of Anglo-spheric genocide. Indigenous women have solutions to both Western consumption-driven ecocide and Eurocentric genocidal racism. First Nations females who are resisting the 6th mass-extinction through peaceful methods of gynocentrism are powerful role models, and one example, is LaDonna Bravebull Allard.<br /></span></p><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>LaDonna's Biography</b></span></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">LaDonna Bravebull Allard (1955 to 2021) was an outstanding Lakota-Dakota activist, native historian, and leader of protests against the Dakota Access Pipeline, known by the hashtag #NoDAPL. LaDonna Bravebull was an enrolled member of, and former historical preservation officer for, the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe. The Standing Rock Reservation, located in North Dakota and South Dakota, is the sixth-largest Indigenous reservation in the US.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Brave Bull Allard is the great-great-granddaughter of Nape Hote Win (Mary Big Moccasin), a survivor of the Whitestone Massacre. Sista LaDonna graduated from the University of North Dakota with a degree in History. She later became instrumental in establishing the Standing Rock Scenic Byway which passes many historic sites including the place where Sitting Bull was killed.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">In an interview, the female First Nations leader states,<br /></span></p><blockquote style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">… my family has been here since 1873, when we were brought across from the east side of the river. My name is LaDonna Brave Bull Allard. My real name is Ta Maka Waste Win, Her Good Earth Woman. I am Ihunktonwan, Hunkpatina and Pabaska Dakota on my father’s side. I am Hunkpapa, Sihasapa and Oglala Lakota on my mother’s side. So, I’m Lakota-Dakota, but I was raised Dakota.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">ii</a></span></blockquote><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">The upper Missouri River is the only water supply for Standing Rock, and after a proposed route near the state capital was denied, the privately owned Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL) was rerouted near the Reservation. The Sioux opposed construction of the pipeline under Lake Oahe and the Missouri River, and a grassroots movement began in 2016 to protect the water, land, and sites sacred to the First Nations people.</div></span><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">On April 1st, 2016, Sista LaDonna and her grandchildren founded the Sacred Stone Camp on her land, which was the first resistance gathering of the #NoDAPL movement, with some of the closest Indigenous-owned land to the construction site. Since the establishment of Sacred Stone Camp, thousands of water protectors camped on the Sioux reservation and organized to prevent the construction of the pipeline.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The #NoDAPL movement has become the largest inter-Indigenous alliance on Turtle Island in centuries, with over 200 nations represented in the protest. Due to the courage of First Nations activists like LaDonna Bravebull, the #NoDAPL movement grew to become one of the most powerful and widely supported Indigenous rights movements in recent decades.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">In addition to her direct action near the construction site, LaDonna Bravebull conducted numerous interviews and wrote several articles to popularize the #NoDAPL movement. The Lakota-Dakota leader often highlight the state's racist hypocrisy in the handling of people protesting for land rights.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">For example, European American ranchers like the Bundys, who encroached on protected lands in Nevada for decades, confronted federal agents in 2014, and occupied the Malheur Wildlife Refuge in 2016, were deemed innocent by the courts. At the same time, First Nations activists who peacefully protested DAPL, faced hefty fines and years in jail.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">In her article, "Why do we punish Dakota pipeline protesters but exonerate the Bundys?" LaDonna Bravebull notes that the Bundys and the water protectors at Standing Rock were both concerned with rights to federal land. There were important differences though. For instance, the Bundy militia were fighting for their right to make money by grazing cattle on protected ecosystems.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">In contrast, the actions of First Nations people are not motivated by profit. The Sioux only want to protect their sacred lands and water supply. In response, the state confronts Indigenous activists with violence and hostility, while protecting the rights of corporations to pollute Native peoples' survival resources.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Sista LaDonna writes,<br /></span></p><blockquote style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">When I began to look into the Bundy’s standoff at the Malheur Refuge, I became angry. That place is a locus of ancestral heritage of the Burns Paiute Tribe, which the Bundys knowingly desecrated. They reportedly dug latrines through recognized cultural sites. As a tribal historic preservation officer, my heart broke when I heard they allegedly rifled through some 4,000 cultural items that had been kept in the museum. Some of the sacred objects they destroyed were hundreds of years old. The Bundys did not reclaim that land. It was never theirs. It is Paiute land.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">iii</a></span></blockquote><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">In comparison to the armed face-off of European American ranchers in 2014 and 2016, the Lakota-Dakota activist emphasized the peaceful nature of Indigenous water protectors' protest,</div><blockquote style="text-align: justify;">From the beginning, we at Standing Rock gathered in a spirit of prayer and non-violent resistance to the destruction of our homeland and culture. We came together with our ceremonies, songs and drums. Weapons are not allowed into our camps. The Bundys’ occupation began with threats and guns. It was violent from the outset, and the people they pretended to represent did not even condone it.</blockquote></span><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Instead of handguns, shotguns and rifles, First Nations employed songs, drums and dance. The peaceful protesters never represented a danger to local authorities, but they were considered as such. </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">LaDonna Bravebull describes how First Nations water protectors were treated by the police, state and private security forces,</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"></span></p><blockquote style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">While we stand in prayer, we have assault rifles aimed at us, we are attacked by dogs, pushed from our sacred sites with pepper spray, shot with rubber bullets and bean bag rounds and Tasers, beaten with sticks, handcuffed and thrown in dog kennels. Our horses have been shot and killed.</span></blockquote><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">The scene the female Lakota-Dakota leader describes is reminiscent of centuries of European settlers' genocidal campaigns against First Nations. LaDonna Bravebull argues that the attack on Native water protectors is also part of a pattern of environmental racism,</div><blockquote style="text-align: justify;">As indigenous people, we know these attempts to erase us very well, and one of the ways it works is through environmental racism. Indigenous lands across the country are the sites of nuclear waste dumping, toxic mining operations, oil and gas drilling and a long list of other harmful environmental practices, but see very little benefit from these projects. We live in the sacrifice zones.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">iv</a></blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;">First Nations are on the front lines of resistance to the carbon-based economy and climate pollution. The proximity of Indigenous communities to fossil-fuel production sites means that they suffer some of its worse polluting effects. In order to preserve their existence, First Nations often find that they have to fight against the confluence of interests and combined forces of the fossil-fuel industry and post-colonial governments.</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The Lakota-Dakota leader describes how Indigenous people are able to persevere and resist the powerful alliance of capitalism and the state,</span></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><blockquote style="text-align: justify;">The national guard and state police have been reinforced by forces from seven other states, to push corporate interests through our home, but together with our relatives, we stand up. We are still here. We have always welcomed everyone to come stand with us against the injustices of the federal government. Joining forces would be a source of great power – if we stand together to confront racism and destruction of the land. But we will do that with prayer, not guns. We are the people of this land. We have the roots growing out of our feet. We stand with compassion and prayer. They cannot break us.</blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;">After years of protest, the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe and Indigenous organizers scored a legal victory on June 6th, 2020 when a federal judge ordered Dakota Access controlled by Energy Transfer Partners, to stop operations and empty its pipelines of all oil pending an environmental review.</div></span></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Sista Brave Bull underwent brain surgery in 2020, and her family announced her death on April 10th, 2021. North Dakota State Representative Ruth Buffalo stated, "Her courage was contagious and inspiring. She was very knowledgeable of the extensive history of the land and worked to preserve our history and sacred sites." And, South Dakota state Senator Red Dawn Foster noted, "She inspired the world with her love for the water, the land, the people, and the love she shared with her husband Miles."<a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">v</a></div></span><p></p><p></p>
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<p class="sdendnote" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p></div></div>xpyr presshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12988452356594125772noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1454051870054975497.post-53136828457037125602021-02-15T22:58:00.001-08:002021-02-15T22:58:05.210-08:00Livestock Triangle<p style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTQd4TvLFpuhrm4KT5-ufifk2y4i3MRZ7NGv-vyrURSjTSL30zpWMXCBkwSj2vfhB9HWoEfNWw2lbU3xvJ9th0KtyVr_HctV0QQ_KXdEEKGK8C4__k6JSpawlZ5AyFWr2-riJeXnzaX6en/s792/Gestation_crates_6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="442" data-original-width="792" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTQd4TvLFpuhrm4KT5-ufifk2y4i3MRZ7NGv-vyrURSjTSL30zpWMXCBkwSj2vfhB9HWoEfNWw2lbU3xvJ9th0KtyVr_HctV0QQ_KXdEEKGK8C4__k6JSpawlZ5AyFWr2-riJeXnzaX6en/s320/Gestation_crates_6.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b><a href="http://www.xpyrpress.com/2020/10/meat-society.html">Meat Society</a></b>: Number 23 in a series exploring issues related to curbing demand for animal products, an important climate change solution for individuals and nations alike, especially in Western states where meat and diary consumption dwarfs other regions.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Excerpt from <i>Meat Climate Change: The 2nd Leading Cause of Global Warming</i> by Moses Seenarine, (2016). Xpyr Press, 348 pages ISBN: 0692641157 <a href="http://amzn.to/2yn7XrC">http://amzn.to/2yn7XrC</a></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">There is a “triangle of industrial animal agriculture” that connects the world’s biggest players in the food animal and feed industries: the US, China, and Brazil. The three nations form three points of a triangle, with the US serving as a major exporter of mature, industrialized, livestock production chains.(514)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The US is one of the world’s top cow flesh producer and the second largest pig flesh producer, comprising 18.6 percent and 9.4 percent of world production, respectively.(515) Between 2002 and 2012, the number of animals on the biggest US factory farms swelled by 20 percent. Both US livestock exports and domestic consumption are projected to grow throughout the next decade.(516)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">China is a rapidly growing economy with a huge appetite for livestock products and a major market for US production. China became the world’s largest importer of soybeans, used for livestock feed, in 2000, and the top animal carcass producer in 2009.(517) The rapid expansion of intensive animal farming facilities is part of an effort to catch up with the livestock production model now standard in industrialized countries. In 2014, China produced 56.7 million metric tons of pig and 6.9 million metric tons of cow flesh, representing 51.3 percent and 11.5 percent of world production, respectively.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Despite this, with restricted natural resources domestically, especially water, to meet the demand for livestock, China is heavily importing food animal carcass and live animals from other countries as well. Together, China and Hong Kong in 2014 were the top importers of cow and pig flesh. During the first half of 2013, Hong Kong became the largest export market for Brazilian food animal carcass.(518)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Brazil is the world’s largest chicken flesh and soybean trader, the second largest cow carcass exporter, and the fourth largest pig flesh dealer. Brazil is a country with intensifying conflicts between the economic returns of spreading livestock- and feed-centered agricultural production and the need to protect some of Earth’s most ecologically critical ecosystems.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Currently, upwards of 40 percent of Brazil’s soybean harvest is crushed domestically to create soybean meal, half of which is used in the country as food animal feed. Most of the rest are exported. A large percentage of the products of intensive agriculture in Brazil, like pig carcass, chicken flesh, and food animal feed, is exported. In contrast, China only exports a small fraction of these products.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Turning farms into factories has helped the US achieve huge agricultural yields, producing at low cost and high “efficiency” with regard to time, if not energy or environmental efficiencies. As the small players drop out or merge with the big players through vertical or horizontal integration, concentration in the food animal industry is exacerbated. As with energy, transport, communications, health and other vital sectors, the food system is increasingly controlled by fewer, larger transnational food corporations (TFCs).</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">With broadening market strength and dominance, food integrators are able to influence policy-making and policy implementation in favor of their bottom lines. Subsidies are a key case in point. In 2012, US government subsidies for livestock, soybeans, and corn were US$ 58.7 million, $1.5 billion and $2.7 billion, respectively.(519)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The US model of integration easily found a place in Brazil and has thrived there. Although the export of this model to China has encountered some obstacles, construction of large facilities by national and international agribusinesses is mounting with government policy support.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">But this triangle of industrial animal agriculture is not sustainable, and is self-destructive for humans. The externalized costs of factory farming will put progressively heavier burdens on consumers, producers, and even on those who choose not to produce or consume factory farmed products or any food animal products at all.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Chapter 14: DIET OR POPULATION? page 138</span></p>xpyr presshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12988452356594125772noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1454051870054975497.post-32942980462616910312021-02-15T22:39:00.002-08:002021-02-15T22:39:22.905-08:00Hidden Population: Obesity<p style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg-kk8dmLmDm6HbNCCdzDLbXDXSPKf7ZyLU4wZYqno_7UgqUnjT4a6uhUXBk0gYWgLRJ3jJy4QmZIBAabcZoKW_Rk9flKIHYEPX1mySBDrNlZ0q_7-5JmPv9PQZvuP6nO2GKeSbgpNhjQX/s1280/Male_Abdominal_obesity.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="1280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg-kk8dmLmDm6HbNCCdzDLbXDXSPKf7ZyLU4wZYqno_7UgqUnjT4a6uhUXBk0gYWgLRJ3jJy4QmZIBAabcZoKW_Rk9flKIHYEPX1mySBDrNlZ0q_7-5JmPv9PQZvuP6nO2GKeSbgpNhjQX/s320/Male_Abdominal_obesity.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b><a href="http://www.xpyrpress.com/2020/10/meat-society.html">Meat Society</a></b>: Number 22 in a series exploring issues related to curbing demand for animal products, an important climate change solution for individuals and nations alike, especially in Western states where meat and diary consumption dwarfs other regions.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Excerpt from <i>Meat Climate Change: The 2nd Leading Cause of Global Warming</i> by Moses Seenarine, (2016). Xpyr Press, 348 pages ISBN: 0692641157 <a href="http://amzn.to/2yn7XrC">http://amzn.to/2yn7XrC</a></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Considerable scientific attention is given to calculating the number of people and rate of population growth, but much less effort is expended on estimating average human mass. This disparity exists despite evidence that average body mass is climbing at a sharp pace. Weight is measured using body mass index (BMI). The overweight have a BMI over 25, and the obese have a BMI above 30.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">For the first time in human history obese people outnumber underweight people. Almost 11 percent of men and 15 percent of women worldwide are obese, while under 9 percent of men and 10 percent of women are underweight, defined by a BMI of under 18.5. Severe and morbid obesity are associated with highly elevated risks of adverse health outcomes.(509)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Due to the rapid expansion in animal domesticates population and carnism in both industrialized and industrializing countries, human body weight is becoming a serious public health concern. Moreover, excess human population mass could have the same implications for world food energy demands as an extra half a billion people living on the earth. Obese populations need more food to support their extra mass, and thereby amplify climate-altering gases discharged from food production. Overweight bodies also need more fossil fuel to transport them in cars and planes. So maintenance of a healthy weight has crucial health and environmental benefits. Globally, BMI for both men and women have climbed sharply for four decades. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">In 1975, men had a BMI of 21.7 and women had a 22.1 BMI. In 2014, those figures ware 24.2 for men and 24.4 for women. This means that the average person became 1.5 kg (3.3 pounds) heavier each decade. If present trends continue more women will be severely obese than underweight by 2025. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">According to the CDC, in 1960, the average American male weighed 166.3 pounds, which is the same as the average mass for American women in 2010 at 166.2 pounds. The average weight for women in 1960 was 140 pounds, so there was an 18.5 percent gain for females over half a century.(510)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">In 2010, the average weight for men jumped to 195.5 pounds, adding almost 30 pounds, a 17.6 percent gain in 50 years. Over 35 percent of American females and males over the age of 20 are obese. An astonishing 70 percent of American adults, who are over 20 years of age, are either overweight or obese. On top of this, around 20 percent of American children between six to 19 years old are obese. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">In 2012, the US came in third, following the Pacific island nations Micronesia and Tonga, for having the highest average weight in the world. By comparison, Americans are 33 pounds heavier than the French, and 70 pounds bigger than the average Bangladeshi.(511)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">In 2005, global adult human biomass was 287 million tonnes, of which 15 million tonnes came from being overweight. This extra mass is equivalent to that of 242 million people of average body mass, or five percent of global human biomass. Biomass from obesity was 3.5 million tonnes, the equivalent of 56 million people of average body mass.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">North America has 6 percent of the world population but 34 percent of biomass from obesity. In contrast, Asia has 61 percent of the world population and 13 percent of biomass from obesity. One tonne of human biomass corresponds to 12 adults in North America and 17 adults in Asia. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">If all countries of the world had the same BMI distribution as the US, the added human biomass of 58 million tonnes would be equivalent to an extra 935 million people of average body mass. Further, they will have energy requirements equivalent to that of 473 million adults.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Compared with a normal population distribution of BMI, a population that is 40 percent obese requires almost 20 percent more food energy. In a population of one billion, the greenhouse gasses (GHGs) from food production and car travel due to increases in obesity is around 0.4 Giga tonnes (GT) and 1.0 GT of CO2e per year. This is equivalent to between 1 and 2 percent of the recent emissions from the total human population.(512)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">A reduction of average weight by 5 kg (11 lb) could reduce transport CO2 discharges in the 34 high-income OECD countries by more than 10 million t. GHG pollution could be diminished another 4 million t through reduction of associated food waste in OECD countries. And, while the shift from cow flesh to other forms of animal flesh in industrialized and countries in transition has lead to food animal lifecycle emissions savings of 20 million t CO2e between 1990 and 2005, GHG releases due to obesity-promoting foodstuffs have increased by more than 400 million t CO2e in advanced developing countries.(513)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Overweight Americans and others in the global North are causing far more planetary heating than people with average body mass. Dietary changes are essential to reversing this dangerous trend. However, this issue is tricky to address since 'fat-shaming' can be a counter-productive strategy.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Chapter 14: DIET OR POPULATION? page 137</span></p>xpyr presshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12988452356594125772noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1454051870054975497.post-49710591021343814922021-02-15T22:16:00.000-08:002021-02-15T22:16:05.316-08:00Hungry Masses<p style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHmlUCBQtjPZRTdSqJQRvRJhR4iq1vyLx2eYXddNY_S1PomDhFI-hKcC0PN4h_Dwelso4EN0w6dTI80JMk50XgvEW78ZEywIENwlG1yoAtsNrO2dH0qVydvRAmT7jA7PoFAPURDY3wXJRB/s724/1f07f16a2b073199f1f0b08c634d2e13300e581a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="512" data-original-width="724" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHmlUCBQtjPZRTdSqJQRvRJhR4iq1vyLx2eYXddNY_S1PomDhFI-hKcC0PN4h_Dwelso4EN0w6dTI80JMk50XgvEW78ZEywIENwlG1yoAtsNrO2dH0qVydvRAmT7jA7PoFAPURDY3wXJRB/s320/1f07f16a2b073199f1f0b08c634d2e13300e581a.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b><a href="http://www.xpyrpress.com/2020/10/meat-society.html">Meat Society</a></b>: Number 21 in a series exploring issues related to curbing demand for animal products, an important climate change solution for individuals and nations alike, especially in Western states where meat and diary consumption dwarfs other regions.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Excerpt from <i>Meat Climate Change: The 2nd Leading Cause of Global Warming</i> by Moses Seenarine, (2016). Xpyr Press, 348 pages ISBN: 0692641157 <a href="http://amzn.to/2yn7XrC">http://amzn.to/2yn7XrC</a></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Malnutrition affects one in every three people worldwide, afflicting all age groups and populations, and plays a major role in half of the 10.4 million annual child deaths in the developing world. And, malnutrition continues to be a cause and a consequence of disease and disability in the children who survive.(494) The most visible form of hunger is famine, a true food crisis in which multitudes of people in an area starve and die.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">There are over 850 million people who are chronically hungry. This is the largest number and proportion of malnourished people ever recorded in human history. Plus, being underweight is a major problem globally. A quarter of women in India and Bangladesh are underweight. And a fifth of men in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Afghanistan, Eritrea and Ethiopia are underweight.(495) Being underweight put a person at risk for multiple health problems including anemia, infertility and osteoporosis.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">In the entire developing world, or Global South, hunger and poverty are intense and may worsen as economic growth across the world stalls. From 2005 and 2008 food prices almost doubled. To make matters worse, from 2007, there has been a sizable slowdown in food aid, bringing hunger reduction "essentially to a halt for the developing countries as a whole."(496)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">As many as 2.8 billion people on the planet struggle to survive on less than $2 a day, and upwards of one billion people lack reasonable access to safe drinking water. There is an enormous and persistent food gap between the Global South and the developed North. To illustrate, the average person in the industrial world took in 10 percent more calories daily in 1961 than the average person in the developing world consumes today.(497)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The large numbers of poor and malnourished people in the world are unacceptably high, but these numbers may be much higher due to under-counting. Misleadingly, the UN set the threshold for hunger as the minimum calories needed for a "sedentary lifestyle." In reality, the number of hungry people could be as high as 1.5 billion, or in excess of 25 percent of the world's adult population if the threshold was set as the minimum needed for "normal activity."</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">And, numbers of the hungry would jump to 2.6 billion, or nearly 45 percent of the global adult population, for the minimum calories needed for "intense activity." Currently, 4.3 billion people live on less than $5 a day. Although higher than the World Bank poverty criteria at $1.25 a day, one report showed that a realistic poverty measure would be around $10 a day.(498) This standard indicates over three-quarter of humans live in poverty.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">One-fifth of the Earth's 7 billion people have no land and possessions at all. These "poorest of the poor" are nonliterates lacking safe drinking water and living on less than a dollar a day. Many spend about 80 percent of their earnings on food, but are still hungry and malnourished. The average US house cat eats twice as much protein every day as one of the world's poorest of the poor, and the cost to care for each cat is greater than a poor person's annual income.(499)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Half of the world's population have enough food to provide energy, but suffer from individual nutrient deficiencies. Billions of people lack iron, iodine, vitamin A, and other vital nutrients. In addition, racial, caste, ethnic, and religious hatred, along with monetary greed, cause food deprivation for whole masses of people around the globe. And, food insecurity is about to get worse. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The UN estimate that climate transformation will affect poor countries the most, and inflate food insecurity. Oxfam predicts world hunger will worsen as planetary heating inevitably affects crop production and disrupt incomes. The organization suggest the number of people in the peril of hunger might climb by 10 to 20 percent by 2050, with daily per capita calorie availability falling across the world.(500) </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Food inequality is also increasing. Worldwide, 2 billion people live primarily on an animal-based diet, while double that sum, or 4 billion people, live primarily on a plant-based diet. The UNEP estimated that calories lost from feeding cereals to animals could feed an extra 3.5 billion people.(501) Another analysis calculated that 4 billion people could be fed with the crops devoted to livestock. The single biggest intervention to free up calories would be to stop using grains for cow carcass production in the US. By far, the US, China, and Western Europe account for the bulk of the 'diet gap,' and corn is the main crop being diverted to animal feed.(502)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">By moderating diets from food animals, choosing less resource-demanding animal products, and maintaining non-feed systems, around 1.3 and 3.6 billion more people could fed. And ending consumer waste of animal calories could feed an additional 235 million people.(503)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that the number of people fed in a year per hectare (2.5 acres) ranged from 22 individuals for potatoes and 19 for rice, to one and two persons, respectively for cow and sheep flesh. The agency added that the low energy conversion ratio from feed to carcass is a concern since most of the cereal grain being produced is diverted to livestock.(504)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">A Bangladeshi family living off rice, beans, vegetables and fruit may live on an acre of land or less. In sharp contrast, the average American, who consumes around 270 pounds of animal carcass a year, needs 20 times that.(505) The current global average animal consumption is 100g (3.5 oz) per person per day, with about a ten-fold variation between high-consuming and low-consuming populations.(506)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">For most people in developing countries who obtain their protein from plants, eating animal flesh is a luxury. A kilogram (2.2 lb) of animal carcass can cost from $2 to $5 in the local markets, which is several days’ wages. A typical African eats only 20 kg (44 lb) of animal flesh a year, well below the world average.(507)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">These findings suggest that over-consumption and dietary habits are of the essence for understanding resource use and greenhouse gas (GHG) pollution, as opposed to expanding population being the primary driver as is popularly argued. That is, population's importance is related to lifestyle expenditures, and specifically to the over-consumption class.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">A 2011 report concludes, “The mass consumption of animals is a primary reason why humans are hungry, fat, or sick and is a leading cause of the depletion and pollution of waterways, the degradation and deforestation of the land, the extinction of species, and the warming of the planet."(508)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Chapter 14: DIET OR POPULATION? page 135-6</span></p>xpyr presshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12988452356594125772noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1454051870054975497.post-5455436006396189322021-02-15T20:41:00.002-08:002021-02-15T20:41:28.862-08:00Diet or Over Population?<p style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHPYTMvCPq-f4_ygg9WpWavdmx6don8Bmsqwc2qZtbdzC-GyCqEbeY55d0iu4SwFWL8-lPHm_sy0xLnIngqrNKAEfnMq75zQy2T56z_IJQeBxshcu5L7QlVjBr7qtQcfNpaMmqoKDlobzp/s2048/poultry-farm-chickens-...iculture-1544654.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1365" data-original-width="2048" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHPYTMvCPq-f4_ygg9WpWavdmx6don8Bmsqwc2qZtbdzC-GyCqEbeY55d0iu4SwFWL8-lPHm_sy0xLnIngqrNKAEfnMq75zQy2T56z_IJQeBxshcu5L7QlVjBr7qtQcfNpaMmqoKDlobzp/s320/poultry-farm-chickens-...iculture-1544654.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b><a href="http://www.xpyrpress.com/2020/10/meat-society.html">Meat Society</a></b>: Number 20 in a series exploring issues related to curbing demand for animal products, an important climate change solution for individuals and nations alike, especially in Western states where meat and diary consumption dwarfs other regions.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Excerpt from <i>Meat Climate Change: The 2nd Leading Cause of Global Warming</i> by Moses Seenarine, (2016). Xpyr Press, 348 pages ISBN: 0692641157 <a href="http://amzn.to/2yn7XrC">http://amzn.to/2yn7XrC</a></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Substantial modifications in population size, age structure, and urbanization are expected in many parts of the world this century. These variations can affect energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) outflows. In particular, aging, urbanization and variations in household size can substantially influence GHG footprints in some regions. Aging will occur in most regions, due to declines in both fertility and mortality. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Aging is expected to be particularly rapid in regions like China that have recently experienced sharp falls in fertility. On the positive side, slowing population growth could provide 16 to 29 percent of the GHG reductions suggested to be necessary by 2050 to avoid dangerous climate transformation.(490)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">There is an inverse relationship between the two main drivers behind increased land requirements for food – as socioeconomic development improves, population growth declines. At the same time, diets become richer. Typically, consumption of animal protein, vegetable oil, fruit and vegetable swells, while starchy staples become less essential.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">With higher purchasing power comes higher consumption and a greater demand for processed food, animal flesh, cow milk products, chicken eggs, and fish, all of which add pressure to the food supply system. This over-consumption severely affects global sustainability, equity, and food security.(491) </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">During a span of 46 years, from 1961 to 2007, a review of data from the UN's Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) showed that in most regions, diets became richer while available land for food diminished. In many regions, dietary change may override population growth as a major driver behind land requirements for food in the near future.(492)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Potential land savings through yield improvements are offset by a combination of population growth and dietary change. These dynamics were the largest in developing regions and emerging economies. Also, additions to the total per capita food supply is not occurring everywhere around the world. In some rich, developed regions, such as Northern Europe and Oceania, food supply levels remain constant.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">In most developed regions, the share of animal products is extraordinary high. From 1961 to 2007, food animals constituted one-third of the available calories in the Global North, compared to 10 percent or less in many of the poorer regions in the global South. These dynamics are set to change. The FAO projects that world population will expand 34 to 41 percent by 2050 to reach 8.9 to 9.1 billion. Food demand will soar upwards by 70 percent, and daily per person calorie intake will rise to 3,130 calories.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Food is a major part of climate warming, but it is also essential for survival, security and equity. Although the consumption per capita of cereals is likely to stabilize, population growth will escalate the demand for both food animals (almost doubling) and cereals (50 percent) by 2050.(493)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Chapter 14: DIET OR POPULATION? page 134</span></p>xpyr presshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12988452356594125772noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1454051870054975497.post-29851563420756645702021-01-20T23:48:00.005-08:002021-01-20T23:51:24.809-08:00Press News 012021<p style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6C_xC4mhiaCAGX3khsYmNu5hkZ_UNZ8mLEYCtvskQmSRirPcvOvGw4ZM9C7zSwxCyIJP5kHGh4KhEvTeqjwYhiTJaB4QI99FL2l4Xl3Qnm_uMU1fk9LdCrJBAkPAtKhRLr_ipqcg8f3Nt/s1280/news-2389226_1280.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1280" data-original-width="1280" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6C_xC4mhiaCAGX3khsYmNu5hkZ_UNZ8mLEYCtvskQmSRirPcvOvGw4ZM9C7zSwxCyIJP5kHGh4KhEvTeqjwYhiTJaB4QI99FL2l4Xl3Qnm_uMU1fk9LdCrJBAkPAtKhRLr_ipqcg8f3Nt/w200-h200/news-2389226_1280.png" width="200" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">We published several articles in the fall of 2020, including:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">"Repression of Anti-Racist Organic Intellectuals and Social Movements." <i><a href="http://cbsm-asa.org/">Critical Mass Bulletin</a></i>, Newsletter of the Section on Collective Behavior and Social Movements, American Sociological Association, Volume 45 (4) Special Issue Fall 2020</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">"Moses Seenarine - Scholar/Activist Profiles." Critical Mass Bulletin, Newsletter of the Section on Collective Behavior and Social Movements, American Sociological Association, Volume 45 (4) Special Issue Fall 2020</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">"<a href="https://sites.google.com/view/teachingandlearningmatters/asa-teachinglearning-matters/volume-51-issue-4-fall-2020/is-critical-race-theory-divisive-politics-and-curriculum-in-the-trump-era">Is Critical Race Theory Divisive? Politics and Curriculum in the Trump Era</a>." <i>Teaching/Learning Matters</i>, American Sociological Association, Section on Teaching and Learning. Volume 51, Issue 4. Fall 2020</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span>"</span><a href="https://mobilizingideas.wordpress.com/2020/10/30/deconstructing-race-and-whiteness-in-critical-animal-studies/">Deconstructing ‘Race’ and ‘Whiteness’ in Critical Animal Studies</a><span>." </span><i>Mobilizing Ideas, </i><span>Center for the Study of Social Movements, University of Notre Dame,</span><i> </i><span>Oct. 30 </span></span></p>xpyr presshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12988452356594125772noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1454051870054975497.post-58027124697686615902021-01-18T00:01:00.014-08:002021-01-18T00:10:39.790-08:002020 Climate Review<p style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu3ZpL3nrrc3FL2IsqRvogRYAKsCt0JWRMyTvwYuWpgVfurVemv-Pp7TjQsHZDhD8f35ou2ahq0WPeyorBEiydcBugvloSJPQ-WFWFvvHPkExFNPjpWXS1c8EceGzNpwfo0-pj4SLOYLJH/s838/NASA+Global+Temp+2020.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="430" data-original-width="838" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu3ZpL3nrrc3FL2IsqRvogRYAKsCt0JWRMyTvwYuWpgVfurVemv-Pp7TjQsHZDhD8f35ou2ahq0WPeyorBEiydcBugvloSJPQ-WFWFvvHPkExFNPjpWXS1c8EceGzNpwfo0-pj4SLOYLJH/w400-h205/NASA+Global+Temp+2020.png" width="400" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">As the 2021 year begins, we review some important climate developments last year. First of all, 2020 tied 2016 for the hottest year on record globally. Second, 2020 continues a rapid heating trend as the last seven years have been the warmest in 150 years, and it concludes the warmest decade on record. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Average global temperatures in 2020 were 1 degree Celsius (about 2 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than in the 30-year average between 1951 and 1980. Since 1980, warming has averaged around 0.2 degree C (0.32 degrees F) per decade. NASA Global Climate Change's <a href="https://climate.nasa.gov/">Vital Signs of the Planet</a> report that CO2 level is now 415 ppm, the Arctic ice minimum loss is 13.1 percent per decade, the ice sheets are losing 428 billion metric tons per year, and sea level is raising at 3.3 millimeters per year. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The changing climate is contributing to stronger hurricanes, larger and more destructive wildfires, and heavier rainfall that can cause flooding. Rising temperatures are also causing loss of sea ice and ice sheet mass, sea level rise, longer and more intense heat waves, and shifts in plant and animal habitats.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">There were record fires in Australia and California, and severe drought in central South America and the American Southwest. Notably, 2020 was a La Nina year, with cooler temperatures in the vast Pacific Ocean. Yet, Typhoon Goni made landfall in the Philippines as the strongest tropical cyclone in history with sustained winds of 195 mph. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Europe and Asia had their hottest years on record, while South America and the Caribbean had their second-hottest. Europe had its warmest year ever in 2020, with heat waves lasting into September. The world’s oceans had their third warmest year. The Arctic and Siberia were among the hottest regions, around 6 degrees C warmer than the mid-20th century average. In South American, warming and drought resulted in fires across the vast Pantanal wetland. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cdo-web/">According to NOAA</a>, the US experienced $95 billion in climate disaster damages, with major disasters like the western wildfires, a record-breaking hurricane season and the mid-summer Midwest derecho that caused extensive damage. There were 22 weather and climate disasters in 2020 that cost over $1 billion in damages, surpassing the annual record of 16 billion-dollar disasters in 2017. The Atlantic Basin produced 30 named storms, with 13 of those becoming hurricanes. This topped 2005, which previously had the most storms in a season, 28. And, a record-breaking 12 named storms made a US landfall in 2020. Six of the US landfalls were from hurricanes - Hanna, Isaias, Laura, Sally, Delta and Zeta - far above the average of one to two hurricane landfalls per year.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Phoenix, AZ, saw 145 days of 100-degree heat, breaking the previous record of 143 days set in 1989. Miami, FL, saw daily record temperatures (record warm highs, record warm lows) broken or tied a combined 64 times in 2020. The temperature in Death Valley, CA, reached 54.4 degrees C, the hottest in 80 years. Meanwhile, the Siberian town of Verkhoyansk reported a summer temperature of 100.4 degrees F, the first time recorded temperatures above the Arctic Circle have surpassed 100 degrees F.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span>As the 2020 year ends, some of the changes scientists are exploring include the weird fact that <a href="https://scitechdaily.com/weird-asymmetry-nights-warming-faster-than-days-across-much-of-the-planet/">nights are warming faster</a> than days, and how climate change is <a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/climate-change-children-food-2649952919.html">harming children's diets</a>. Global warming is <a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-12/nuos-gwi121020.php">faster than evolution</a>, and is </span><span style="text-align: left;"><span>making baby sharks <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/12/australia/baby-shark-climate-intl-scli-scn/index.html">smaller, undernourished and exhausted</a>. Also, researchers found that global warming </span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span>has <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2020/12/08/arctic-climate-change-report-siberia/">profoundly transformed Arctic</a> in just 15 years,</span></span><span style="text-align: left;"> the urban heat-island effect is turning </span><a href="https://www.wired.com/story/climate-change-is-turning-cities-into-ovens/" style="text-align: left;">cities into ovens</a><span style="text-align: left;">, and that the warming </span><a href="https://time.com/5926319/global-warming-climate-goals/" style="text-align: left;">already baked in</a><span style="text-align: left;"> will blow pass climate goals.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium; text-align: left;">Although the political climate improved in the US at the end of the year, there has been decades of climate denial and limited action. This polluting legacy means that the new administration's climate policies may fall well short of what is needed to slow down abrupt climate change in 2021 and beyond.</span></p>xpyr presshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12988452356594125772noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1454051870054975497.post-38971775523259797632021-01-09T01:05:00.011-08:002021-01-09T01:31:50.935-08:00COVID-19 in 2020: Lessons Learned<p style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXcwnjgyuWVQt1vpa8xCLq75UNeuIwXLQXXVJg5rRz7OyBN2wAlh12Rw3qNNDYV-GOt3rroDF_igVj49Z72-qDrvIMkASYxbp8-1u8pF-DSfOctAPKDzbrGUMUdxSJnAQoG6XG2oZ6KdxK/s1280/Coronavirus_SARS-CoV-2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXcwnjgyuWVQt1vpa8xCLq75UNeuIwXLQXXVJg5rRz7OyBN2wAlh12Rw3qNNDYV-GOt3rroDF_igVj49Z72-qDrvIMkASYxbp8-1u8pF-DSfOctAPKDzbrGUMUdxSJnAQoG6XG2oZ6KdxK/s320/Coronavirus_SARS-CoV-2.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div><p></p><p><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Introduction</span></b></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">A
year ago, on 2019 New Year's Eve (NYE), China's health authorities
notified the World Health Organization (WHO) that they had identified
a cluster of cases of "pneumonia of an unknown cause" in
the city of Wuhan. A year later, the streets of Wuhan were packed
with crowds of people celebrating 2020 NYE, while billions around the
world were left stranded inside their homes, in an attempt to curb
the rapidly spreading SARS-CoV-2 virus that cause the COVID-19
disease. As 2020 comes to an end, we reflect on the lessons learned
so far regarding this health pandemic.</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">2020
was an unprecedented year that saw the novel coronavirus spread from
Wuhan, where it was originally detected, to reach each continent and
corner of the globe, including <a href="https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/12/23/949552848/the-coronavirus-has-reached-every-continent-after-positive-cases-in-antarctica">Antarctica</a>. According to Johns
Hopkins University, by the end of the year, SARS-CoV-2 had infected
83 million people, and caused the deaths of 1.8 million
individuals.[1] The USA, with a population of 332 million people, had
the most infections and deaths, 20 million cases and 346,000 deaths.
With less than five percent of the world's population, the USA had close to a quarter of the world's total number of coronavirus cases
and deaths from COVID-19. The USA had more coronavirus cases than the
next three countries combined (India, Brazil and Russia). </span>
</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"> </span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Compared
to the USA, India with four times the population (1.3 billion), had
half the number of cases and deaths, 10 million cases and 148,000
deaths. And, China, with even more people (1.4 billion), had even less
cases and deaths, 87,000 cases and 4,600 deaths. The figures from the
USA, India and China show that the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 has been
unequal. Why is the USA figure so high, and what do these numbers tell us about this deadly virus?</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>Where
Did SARS Originate?</b></span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Before
we can start analyzing the unequal toll from the disease, it is
important to consider some basic questions, and sum up the lessons
learned so far. The first set of questions relate to the origin of
the crisis - where did SARS-CoV-2 come from? Does the origin of
SARS-CoV-2 have anything in common with the the SARS virus that
appeared in 2002? What are the chances of a third severe acute
respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus arising in the next decade? The
constant mutation of SARS viruses are also troubling. In the final
weeks of 2020, there was two significant SARS-CoV-2 mutations, the
UK’s B.1.1.7 and South Africa’s 501.V2. Both are more infectious
than their progenitors. If we understand what is causing SARS
pathogens to materialize and mutate, then we can try to prevent
future pandemics from this coronavirus.</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>Destruction
of Nature</b></span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The
UN and World Health Organization suggest that, in general, <a href="https://amp.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/17/pandemics-destruction-nature-un-who-legislation-trade-green-recovery?">pandemics result from the destruction of nature</a>. Environmental scientists
also argue that <a href="https://arctic-council.org/en/news/biodiversity-and-human-health-less-biodiversity-more-infectious-diseases/?">less biodiversity will eventually lead to more disease</a>. We know that the state of biodiversity is bad, but what
can we do to turn things around? For one, destructive development
projects are often subsidized by governments and international
monetary organizations, so this form of socialized capitalism has to
end. To preserve biodiversity, it is critical to restore and respect
indigenous land rights. Also, an important economic lesson that
business owners in urban areas should learn is that investing some of
their profits in preserving nature, forests and ecosystems will
enable them to remain in business in the long run. This is because
protecting biodiversity can help to prevent future health pandemics
and economic crises that can result in loss of market and business
failure.</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>Are
Animal Wet Markets to Blame?</b></span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">In
addition to the general cause of pandemics, it would be useful to
know if there was a specific vector that caused SARS-CoV-2? Did this
infectious virus originate in a <a href="https://www.india.com/news/world/not-just-china-new-york-too-has-over-80-wet-markets-that-sell-slaughter-live-animals-3989281/?">food animal wet market</a> or on a
particular <a href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3087055/industrial-farming-livestock-ticking-pathogen-bomb-scientists?">factory farm</a>? The exact cause of transmission is yet
unknown, but if food animal production is to blame, then reducing
demand for animal products has to be part of the SARS solution.
However, governments and banks are expending billions of dollars to
subsidize factory farms and promote carnism as part of economic
growth. This funding of future pandemics has to stop. Just like we have to de-fund fossil
fuel companies to stop global warming, in order to decrease the
chance of more SARS pandemics arising, funding agencies must
recognize that industrial animal agriculture has to be curtailed.</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>Failure
of Herd-immunity</b></span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">One
vital lesson of 2020 relates to the failure of an open economic
policy and trying to develop natural immunity to a SARS virus in the
general population. Sweden (pop. 10 million) followed a herd-immunity
plan with little official restrictions. By the end of the year, this
national approach resulted in 437K infections and 8,700 deaths from
COVID-19. Sweden's neighbors had much lower COVID-19 death figures in
2020. For example, there were only 450 deaths in Norway, and 1,400 in
Denmark. In comparison, Australia (pop. 25 million) with double the
population of Sweden, implemented strong lockdown measures, like
business and school closures and mandatory mask-wearing. By the end
of the year, Australia's response resulted in far lower infections
and fatalities, 28K cases and 900 deaths from COVID-19. Sweden's
policy was irresponsible since it resulted in 15 times the number of
SARS-CoV-2 cases and 10 times the number of COVID-19 fatalities as
Australia. This shows that trying to achieve natural herd-immunity is
a poor response to SARS viruses, with deadly consequences.</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><b>Strong
Lockdowns Work </b></span>
</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">An
important lesson learned in 2020 relates to the effectiveness of
strong lockdown policies. To stop infections from getting out of
control, it is important to immediately address the problem by
shutting down the economy and halting the movement of people.
Countries that had the most success in limiting the number of
SARS-CoV-2 infections in 2020, like China (87K), Australia (28K), New
Zealand (2,181) and Taiwan (812), did so with strong lockdown
measures.[2] And, regions that had the least success in limiting the
rise in SARS-CoV-2 cases by the end of the year, like Europe, North
America and South American, implemented limited lockdown measures,
with fewer business and school closures.</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Another
lesson learned from 2020, is that as SARS-CoV-2 spreads in a country,
it becomes increasingly deadly. This is evident in the nationally
reported figures on COVID-19 deaths. Although countrywide levels of
testing and transparency vary, we can learn a lot by looking at
COVID-19 fatalities per million people in 2020.[2] The number of
deaths in the European Union (EU), US, Mexico and South America are
far beyond the figures in Asian countries that have managed to limit
the spread of the virus. Let's examine the numbers.</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>In
Depth: European Union</b></span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Many
Western European countries experienced an infection surge in the
Spring, and implemented strong lockdown measures. Most states were
fully reopened a few months later after flattening the SARS-CoV-2
curve. But, after the Summer lull, cases began to rise again with
deadly consequences by the end of 2020. For example, France (pop. 67
million) had 2.6 million total SARS-CoV-2 infections and 988 deaths
per million people from COVID-19. At one point during the Spring
peak, France had around 975 deaths per day. But this number dropped
during the Summer to as few as 8 deaths per day. At the end of the
year, the fatality rate was back up, and above the Spring peak. The
UK (pop. 66 million) had 2.7 million cases in total, and a fatality
rate of 1070. Italy (pop. 60 million) had 2.1 million infections and
1217 deaths per one million people. Italy was among EU countries with
the highest fatality rate from the virus. And, Spain (pop. 47
million) had 1.9 million cases and a COVID-19 fatality rate of 1084
by the end of 2020.</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Most
Central and Eastern Europe states avoided the worst of the first
coronavirus wave in the Spring. However, at the end of 2020, these
nations were experiencing some of the most rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2
in the world. For example, Slovenia (pop. 2 million) had a total of
150 COVID-19 deaths as of October 1st, but then, over the next 10
weeks, that figure jumped to over 2,000. As the year closed, the
country had 125K infections, 2.8K deaths, and a high fatality rate of
1,365 deaths per million people.</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Compared
to these high SARS-CoV-2 case numbers and morbidity rates, some EU
countries maintained preventive measures throughout the Summer and
Fall, which resulted in less infections and deaths. For example,
Germany (pop. 83 million) had 1.7 million cases and a fatality rate
of 396 deaths per million people. Denmark (pop. 6 million) had 170K
cases and a fatality rate of 216. And, Norway (pop. 5 million) had
51K infections and 80 deaths per million people from COVID-19.
Germany, Denmark and Norway implemented stronger lockdowns measures
for longer periods of time, which reduced their numbers, compared to
EU countries with higher fatality rates. This trend suggest that more
open policies results in more deaths from this pandemic.</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>In
Depth: North and South America</b></span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">During
this unprecedented year, in general, countries in North and South
America remained mostly open with limited lockdowns, which resulted
in higher COVID-19 fatality rates. For example, the USA (pop. 330
million) had 20 million SARS-CoV-2 cases and a COVID-19 fatality rate
of 1034 deaths per million people. Brazil (pop. 210 million) had 7.7
million infections and a fatality rate of 912. Columbia (pop. 50
million) had 1.7 million cases and a death rate of 843. Argentina
(pop. 45 million) had 1.6 million cases and a fatality rate of 961.
Mexico (pop. 126 million) had 1.4 million cases and a death rate of
968. Peru (pop. 32 million) had 1 million infections and a fatality
rate of 1139. And, Bolivia (pop. 11 million) had 167K cases and 783
deaths per million people.</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Fatality
rates in the Western Hemisphere are as high as those in the worse EU
countries, but there are a few exceptions. Like Germany, Canada (pop.
37 million) took strong lockdown and preventative measures, which
resulted in 610K cases and a fatality rate of 410. The states with
the first and second highest number of total COVID-19 deaths are both
in the Western Hemisphere - the USA (350K) and Brazil (195K).
Tellingly, the machismo leaders of both countries downplayed the
SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and resisted lockdowns. Their inaction show that
doing little to slow the spread of SARS viruses leads to more deaths.</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>In
Depth: Asia</b></span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">In
the East, where SARS-CoV-2 supposedly originated, COVID-19 fatality
rates are far lower than those in the West. Asian countries have more
experience in dealing with infectious disease, compared to the West.
For example, a SARS-associated coronavirus, originated in China in
2002, and killed more than 800 people around the world by 2003. Asian
countries have prior experience with the SARS virus, so there is more
health compliance, like avoiding contact, mask-wearing and isolation.
One exception is India, which has the third highest COVID-19 deaths
(178K). With 107 deaths per million people, India also has the
highest COVID-19 fatality rate in Asia. One main reason is that
India's strong lockdown policy triggered a mass migration of laborers
from urban areas that spread the virus to rural areas. Better
planning and support for workers could have limited the spread, but
India's death rate is still almost 10 times less than that of the UK
and US.</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Although
Asian countries have larger populations, their SARS-CoV-2 case and
morbidity numbers in 2020 were much lower than countries in the West.
For example, the Philippines (pop. 106 million) had 475K cases, 9K
deaths, and a COVID-19 fatality rate of 84 deaths per million people.
Indonesia (pop. 267 million) had 770K infections, 22K deaths and a
death rate of 80. Nepal (pop. 28 million) had 262K cases, 1.8K
deaths, and a fatality rate of 63. Myanmar (pop. 54 million) had 126K
infections, 2.7K fatalities, and a rate of 48 deaths per million
people.</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">In
Bangladesh (pop. 161 million), there were 516K cases of SARS-CoV-2,
7.5K deaths from COVID-19, and a fatality rate of 45. Pakistan (pop.
212 million) had 490K infections, 10.5K deaths and a fatality rate of
46. Japan (pop. 126 million) had 243K cases, 3.5K fatalities and a
rate of 25 deaths per million people. South Korea (pop. 51 million)
had 64K infections, 1K deaths and a fatality rate of 17, and China
had 3 deaths per million people. In Oceania, the rates of death from
the virus are lower still. Australia's COVID-19 fatality rate was 35,
and New Zealand (pop. 5 million) had 2.1K infections, 25 deaths and a
fatality rate of 5 deaths per million people. These figures show that
lockdowns and preventive measures were effective in reducing morbidity rates in the East.</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>In
Depth: West Asia and Africa</b></span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">West
Asia was slow to implement lockdown measures in 2020, and many
restrictions were not followed or enforced. There is an uneven
distribution of COVID-19 fatality rates per million people across the
region. For example, in Iran (pop. 82 million), there were 1.2
million infections of SARS-CoV-2, 55K deaths from COVID-19, and a
high fatality rate of 650 deaths per million people. Turkey (pop. 82
million) had 2.2 million cases, 21K deaths, and a fatality rate of
250. Saudi Arabia (pop. 33 million) had 363K infections, 6.2K deaths,
and a fatality rate of 175. In Egypt (pop. 98 million), there were
143K cases, 7.8K deaths, and a low fatality rate of 76.</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Lockdowns
and restrictions were uneven in Africa as well. And fatality rates
per million people vary widely on the vast African continent, from
high to low. For example, South Africa (pop. 58 million) had 1.1
million SARS-CoV-2 infections, 30K deaths from COVID-19, and Africa's
highest fatality rate at 472 deaths per million people. Tunisia (pop.
12 million) had 144K cases, 4.8K deaths and a fatality rate of 390.
Morocco (pop. 36 million) had 430K infections, 7.5K deaths and a
fatality rate of 199. In contrast, Kenya (pop. 51 million) had 95K
cases, 1.5K deaths, and a fatality rate of 31 COVID-19 deaths per
million people. And Ghana (pop. 30 million) had 55K infections, 335
deaths and a fatality rate of 10 deaths per million people. Unlike
West Asian states, most African countries have managed to limit their
number of infections and deaths. Many African countries have decades
of experience dealing with infectious disease, like hepatitis, HIV,
Ebola and cholera, so there is greater health compliance, like
mask-wearing and isolation.</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>Comorbidity
Factors</b></span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">A
third basic question from 2020 relates to comorbidities and other
issues that can lead to higher COVID-19 fatality rates. The Center
for Disease Control (CDC) state that some pre-existing health
conditions can increase the likelihood of illness and death from the
disease.[3] For example, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,
heart disease, chronic kidney disease, and severe obesity can lead to
more severe symptoms and outcomes. Age and sex are factors important
as well. The length and amount of exposure to the virus is
significant, and the weather is a key driver, as colder Winter
temperatures have resulted in higher transmission and morbidity
rates.</span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4CJ40lt0aiGVfPCg81iMQLgeh71EAv6xtqsUbBVMu-Y6sbPp0z2JiCqeXFjGfYTdKlyxqwUNcHhrr0mgYQj4YcVo9kJbuSHM1s024S8NilpbhPRnkjBea1JDBwml6bSc1xt5dOVuztDr6/s2048/total-confirmed-deaths-of-covid-19-per-million-people-vs-gdp-per-capita+%25282%2529.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1446" data-original-width="2048" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4CJ40lt0aiGVfPCg81iMQLgeh71EAv6xtqsUbBVMu-Y6sbPp0z2JiCqeXFjGfYTdKlyxqwUNcHhrr0mgYQj4YcVo9kJbuSHM1s024S8NilpbhPRnkjBea1JDBwml6bSc1xt5dOVuztDr6/s320/total-confirmed-deaths-of-covid-19-per-million-people-vs-gdp-per-capita+%25282%2529.png" width="320" /></span></a></div>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>Higher
GDP Equals More Deaths</b></span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">One
other lesson we can learn about the difference in the death rates per
million people in countries and regions across the globe is that
Western and developed nations have higher death rates than Eastern
states and those that are less developed. This is shown is a chart
comparing death rates and gross domestic production (GDP). On the GDP
chart, the countries with higher fatality rates skew towards the
top-right, consisting of high GDP states in the EU, like Belgium,
Germany, Ireland, Denmark, and France, plus the USA and Canada. On
the other hand, countries with lower death rates per million people
skew towards the bottom-left, consisting of low GDP states in Africa
and Asia, like Liberia, Ghana, Afghanistan and Vietnam.</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Is
this GDP and morbidity difference similar to the distinction between
higher fatalities in Western states and lower fatalities in Eastern
countries that have more experience with infectious diseases and
compliance to health regulations? On the chart, many Asian countries
are on the right in terms of GDP and in the middle in regards to
mortality, for example, Japan, Malaysia and Singapore. These Asian
countries are more similar to Western states than lower GDP countries
in Africa with lower fatality rates per million people.</span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6oBupCZFRwrV4B3GmTOhyphenhyphenYndxbfEh4-Q-bODTTB1nQvhDqepsFbDHiYgHWy0_MATDKXEOsvWOF3UQqoo4t6ZOqISdtl1GtXJDY_wbwh5Bsw3aJxnYC9_aeB5JqSFiTdqjy6qgt5bzdKKv/s2048/_105471775_consumption-nc.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1440" data-original-width="2048" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6oBupCZFRwrV4B3GmTOhyphenhyphenYndxbfEh4-Q-bODTTB1nQvhDqepsFbDHiYgHWy0_MATDKXEOsvWOF3UQqoo4t6ZOqISdtl1GtXJDY_wbwh5Bsw3aJxnYC9_aeB5JqSFiTdqjy6qgt5bzdKKv/s320/_105471775_consumption-nc.png" width="320" /></span></a></div>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>Carnism
and Comorbidities</b></span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The
co-relation between higher GDPs and higher fatality rates per million
people is surprising. Higher GDP countries have advanced medical
resources and care, with more doctors, nurses, ICU beds, ventilators,
etc., than lower GDP states. So the death rates in rich nations
should be lower, not higher. One explanation for the higher death
rates relates to diet. Specifically the over-consumption of animal
products in higher GDP countries leads to obesity and comorbidities
that increase the risk of more severe illness and death from
COVID-19. For example, the CDC state that over 40% of adults in the
US are obese. The UN FAO chart on meat consumption show that
countries with higher food animal consumption are countries with
higher GDP, like the US, Canada and the UK. The USA is the top consumer of food animals, and it also has the most COVID-19 deaths.</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>Conclusion</b></span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">Food
animal consumption is linked to the origin of deadly SARS viruses,
and also to higher fatality rates. Yet, there no calls to reduce
animal consumption. If the over-consumption rates of the wealthiest
nations are not curbed, this will lead to increasing obesity and more
COVID-19 deaths. There is little evidence that food animal
consumption is slowing, and average GDP countries are starting to
follow the same trend as high GDP nations in terms of diet and
disease. </span>
</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Moses
Seenarine is the author of Meat Climate Change: The 2nd Leading Cause
of Global Warming (2016). Xpyr Press, 348 pages ISBN: 0692641157
http://amzn.to/2yn7XrC</span></p><p align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">[1] Staff. 2020. Coronavirus Resource Center, Johns Hopkins University of Medicine. Dec. 31.</span></p><p align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/</span></a></p><p align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">[2] Staff. 2020. Our World in Data. Global Change Data Lab, University of Oxford.</span></p><p align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">https://ourworldindata.org/</span></a></p><p align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">[3] Ogden, Cynthia. 2015. "Prevalence of Obesity Among Adults and Youth: United States, 2011–2014." CDC. November </span></p><p align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><br /></span></p>xpyr presshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12988452356594125772noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1454051870054975497.post-19079722249299449422020-12-21T22:32:00.002-08:002020-12-21T22:32:51.260-08:00Over-Consumption Curse<p style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAHOEIieurFNkmdaMeojqT7ViPgO-QH8Je0MmDGDvHgrTkpyFR93oRJf6RPstJfiJm11jfD87RlFB1a_4kOEJoCRTDlja9tk051-zg0LyMubSE7hlb9zeS9yDaQnWxFOnxZMlRRvDQp3pH/s1835/Young_and_Fat_%25285350627034%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1835" data-original-width="1184" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAHOEIieurFNkmdaMeojqT7ViPgO-QH8Je0MmDGDvHgrTkpyFR93oRJf6RPstJfiJm11jfD87RlFB1a_4kOEJoCRTDlja9tk051-zg0LyMubSE7hlb9zeS9yDaQnWxFOnxZMlRRvDQp3pH/s320/Young_and_Fat_%25285350627034%2529.jpg" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b><a href="http://www.xpyrpress.com/2020/10/meat-society.html">Meat Society</a></b>: Number 19 in a series exploring issues related to curbing demand for animal products, an important climate change solution for individuals and nations alike, especially in Western states where meat and diary consumption dwarfs other regions.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Excerpt from <i>Meat Climate Change: The 2nd Leading Cause of Global Warming</i> by Moses Seenarine, (2016). Xpyr Press, 348 pages ISBN: 0692641157 <a href="http://amzn.to/2yn7XrC">http://amzn.to/2yn7XrC</a></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">As part of due course, many in the over-consumption class suffer from stressful personal and social problems. Individuals often face several personal costs associated with high levels of consumption, like (i) financial debt; (ii) time and stress associated with working to support higher consumption; (iii) time required to clean, upgrade, store, or otherwise maintain possessions; and (iv) the ways in which consumption replaces time with family and friends.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">On top of this, aggressive pursuit of a mass consumption society typically correlates with a decline in health indicators in many countries, as obesity, crime, and other social ills surge. One defining characteristic of the consumer class is their marked escalation in food animal consumption.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Appallingly, across the globe, there is a rapid increase in rates of obesity and the numbers of overweight individuals. To solve this health crisis, an array of large-scale programmatic and policy measures are being pursued in a few countries, although, animal consumption remains sacrosanct from change.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Type 2 diabetes is a global public health crisis that threatens the economies of all nations, particularly developing countries. Fueled by rapid urbanization, nutrition transition, and progressively sedentary lifestyles, this epidemic has grown in parallel with the worldwide rise in obesity. Asia's large population and rapid economic development have made it an epicenter of the diabetes epidemic.(488)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Interactions between Westernized diet, lifestyle and genetic background may accelerate the growth of diabetes. On the positive side, Type 2 diabetes is largely preventable through diet and lifestyle modifications. Putting this into practice, though, will require profound changes in public policies, food and health systems. In addition to obesity and diabetes, there are other chronic health problems associated with food animal over-consumption, such as cancer and heart disease.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Few countries are engaged in serious efforts to prevent the dietary and environment challenges being faced. Around 65 percent of US adults are overweight or obese, leading to an annual loss of 300,000 lives and, at least $117 billion in health care costs in 1999.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Another aspect of over-consumption is increasing consumer debt. In 2002, 61 percent of US credit card users carried a monthly balance, averaging $12,000 at 16 percent interest. This amounts to about $1,900 a year in finance charges, which is in excess of the average per capita income in at least 35 countries.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">If the over-consumption rates of the wealthiest nations are curbed, this may slow the rate of expansion everywhere else. Be that as it may, there is little evidence that their consumption is slowing, even in the US, where most people are amply supplied with the goods and services needed to lead a dignified life.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Governments could rein in high consumption by removing economic subsidies for everything from gas-guzzling vehicles to suburban home-building. Currently, government economic subsidies total around $1 trillion globally each year.(489) And since over-consumption translates into higher warming, it should be taxed to pay for mitigation and adaptation.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Chapter 13: OVER-CONSUMPTION CLASS, page 130</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>xpyr presshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12988452356594125772noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1454051870054975497.post-699620457550895332020-12-21T18:17:00.002-08:002020-12-21T18:17:15.377-08:00Class and Global Diet<p style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGpeKrd_gSH6RbTMvgXmVEiIr1Ts9nLZTaBGbSuOav30UwbRx6Aek5YycvMd3QUPih4lWUPNUzQtrlyoWsZhdPBz9h-WZZU_oYdwVb81-psI02No78xWTuxLmpoxeOF0BdBqRtR9ZNsf4C/s1280/india-1312645_1280.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="874" data-original-width="1280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGpeKrd_gSH6RbTMvgXmVEiIr1Ts9nLZTaBGbSuOav30UwbRx6Aek5YycvMd3QUPih4lWUPNUzQtrlyoWsZhdPBz9h-WZZU_oYdwVb81-psI02No78xWTuxLmpoxeOF0BdBqRtR9ZNsf4C/s320/india-1312645_1280.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b><a href="http://www.xpyrpress.com/2020/10/meat-society.html">Meat Society</a></b>: Number 18 in a series exploring issues related to curbing demand for animal products, an important climate change solution for individuals and nations alike, especially in Western states where meat and diary consumption dwarfs other regions.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Excerpt from <i>Meat Climate Change: The 2nd Leading Cause of Global Warming</i> by Moses Seenarine, (2016). Xpyr Press, 348 pages ISBN: 0692641157 <a href="http://amzn.to/2yn7XrC">http://amzn.to/2yn7XrC</a></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Global food insecurity is a problem of distribution, not just production. The poor eat less across the world, and there is more poor in the Global South. Around 17 percent of densely populated India is undernourished, even though per capita flesh consumption is relatively low. In contrast, fewer than five percent of people in the US, where 22 percent of the world’s cattle is raised, are at risk of going hungry.(486)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Overall, the clear trend globally is increasing food animal consumption among the urban middle class. Eating animal-based meals is a status symbol. Even with India's religious prohibitions against the eating of cow flesh, 'non-veg' has become a status symbol in the thriving cities. On top of this, across the world, people typically eat food animals as part of a feast, holiday or celebration.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">School cafeterias in the Global North serve animal flesh every day, with few plant-based offerings. This raises expectations in children for a daily dose of animal protein. Even though plants are cheaper, a high-pressure, fast food lifestyle is causing adults to lose their taste for vegetables, and they are forgetting how to cook them. Poor adults have to use more of their scarce money for food.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Another aspect of class and diet is the economic gap between developed and developing countries is reflected in their animal consumption. While people in developed countries fulfill upwards of half, 56 percent, of their protein needs from animal sources, people in developing countries obtain only 18 percent in this way.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa, the BRICS, are five big developing countries. Economic growth in the BRICS is reflected in their animal consumption, and together, they account for 40 percent of the world’s population. Between 2003 and 2012, BRICS animal consumption rose by 6.3 percent a year and is expected to rise by another 2.5 percent a year between 2013 and 2022.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Increase in food animals consumption affects different species. The global upsurge in carnism is mainly due to the expansion in poultry consumption. On a worldwide level, there was no gain in consumption levels of cow flesh from 1970-2000. This trend reflects the fact that while cattle consumption rose in developing countries such as China and Brazil, it fell modestly in North America, Oceania, and Europe.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Chicken consumption in China and India is determined by class and lifestyle to a larger extent, than by population growth. Similarly, in Russia, the world’s biggest cow carcass importer, demand depends on prosperity from oil and gas export revenues, since the population peaked in 1991, at around 150 million. While animal carcass is cheap in Brazil, it is expensive in South Africa. Several economic crises in South Africa have ensured that the rising demand for animal flesh is almost entirely limited to cheaper chicken carcass.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The world face increasing demand for food. Between 2005 and 2050, food demand may soar 59 to 98 percent higher than the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimate of 54 percent, from the 2005/2007 levels. There are many uncertainties, but food projections are more sensitive to socio-economic assumptions, than to climate warming or bioenergy scenarios.(487) The global middle-class is the key driver of food demand. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The FAO range in food estimates is wide, in particular for consumption of animal calories - between 61 percent and 144 percent. This is due to differences in specifications, income, and price. With higher population and lower economic growth, consumption per capita drops on average by 9 percent for crops and 18 percent for livestock. This shows that a consumption tax on food animals can greatly lower climate-altering gases.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Chapter 13: OVER-CONSUMPTION CLASS, page 130</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p>xpyr presshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12988452356594125772noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1454051870054975497.post-50743348399753758852020-12-20T23:33:00.003-08:002020-12-20T23:33:36.621-08:00Global Substitution Diets<p style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicB653PvwbG6_aaZK4gDyICRO2278ZxfAA-EaaRqeYbnqMhJSBUxeELfLNRoGJ83EDZTrx2HrSy7MnKlMWMBTjUiVAGpcYCWV19ThKAJLq9QOkoamb3fNGQ4pljN1enek-q3xWMUirRBJ9/s1024/rwandavillage-1024x683.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="683" data-original-width="1024" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicB653PvwbG6_aaZK4gDyICRO2278ZxfAA-EaaRqeYbnqMhJSBUxeELfLNRoGJ83EDZTrx2HrSy7MnKlMWMBTjUiVAGpcYCWV19ThKAJLq9QOkoamb3fNGQ4pljN1enek-q3xWMUirRBJ9/s320/rwandavillage-1024x683.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b><a href="http://www.xpyrpress.com/2020/10/meat-society.html">Meat Society</a></b>: Number 17 in a series exploring issues related to curbing demand for animal products, an important climate change solution for individuals and nations alike, especially in Western states where meat and diary consumption dwarfs other regions.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Excerpt from <i>Meat Climate Change: The 2nd Leading Cause of Global Warming</i> by Moses Seenarine, (2016). Xpyr Press, 348 pages ISBN: 0692641157 <a href="http://amzn.to/2yn7XrC">http://amzn.to/2yn7XrC</a></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">One main aspect of over-consumption is the substitution of animal-base foods for plant-based foods as income and wealth swells. Food animal over-consumption is a increasing problem among the world's growing middle class. For example, there are over 300 million obese adults worldwide, up from 200 million in 1995.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Consumption habits have various environmental impacts, particularly on land. The planet has only 1.9 hectares (4.6 acres) of biologically productive land per person to supply resources and absorb wastes. In spite of that, the average person on Earth already uses 2.3 hectares (5.6 acres) worth. People's ecological footprints range from the 9.7 hectares (24 acres) claimed by the average American, to the 0.47 hectares (1.1 acre) used by the average Mozambican.(481)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">According to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), noteworthy improvements have been made in food consumption per person. During three decades, between 1969/1971 and 1999/2001, there has been an increase of almost 400 kcal per person, per day from 2,411 to 2,789 kcal, globally. All the same, at the lower end of the development spectrum, the poor regions of Sub-Saharan Africa saw only modest gains in their prevailing low levels of available food, while Middle Africa experienced a pronounced drop-off.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Despite the 16.5 percent addition to per person global caloric intake, some developing countries have declined further from what was already a very low per capita food consumption level. This was especially so in sub-Saharan Africa, in particular, Somalia, Burundi, Rwanda and Kenya.(482)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">In terms of calories from major food commodities, there are monumental differences between developing and industrial countries. Between 1963 and 2003, developing countries had immense upsurges in the consumption of calories from animal-based foods (119%), sugar (127%) and vegetable oils (199%). China showed even bigger hikes in this 40 year period, especially in vegetable oils (680%), animal products (349%) and sugar (305%).</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">There has been a 62 percent spike in food animal consumption worldwide, with the biggest growth in the developing countries which had an average three-fold increase since 1963. China had a dramatic nine-fold ramp-up and Eastern Asia had a five-fold expansion in the supply of animal food calories per capita.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">In industrial countries, over the same four decades, vegetable oil consumption rose appreciably (105%). Animal-based products such as pig sausages, cow burgers, pig pies, etc., account for almost half of all carcass consumed in developed countries. In the US, over half of the energy intake, 58 percent of food consumed, comes from ultra-processed foods such as sodas, and milk-based drinks; cakes, cookies and pies; salty snacks; frozen and shelf-stable plates; pizza and breakfast cereals.(483)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">In both developing and industrial countries, there were declines for pulses, roots, and tubers between 1963 and 2003. This is part of the ‘substitution’ effect, a shift in the consumption of foodstuffs with no major variation in the overall energy supply. This shift is primarily from carbohydrate-rich staples like cereals, roots, and tubers, to vegetable oils, animal products, and sugar.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Consumption of pulses plummeted globally, and in particular among developing countries. For instance, there was a 10-fold drop-off in China, from 30g (1 oz) per capita per day in 1963, to 3g (0.1 oz) in 2003. At the same time, there was a sharp plunge in sweet potatoes intake in many developing countries, accompanied by a parallel marked rise in potatoes. In China sweet potato dwindled down from 227g (8 oz) in 1963, to 99g (3.5 oz) in 2003, while intake of potatoes rose from 25g (1 oz) to 96g (3.3 oz) per capita per day.(484)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">In Africa and parts of Asia, cereals supply up to 70 percent of energy intake. By comparison, in the UK, cereals provide only 30 percent of energy intake and 50 percent of available carbohydrates. Globally, rice consumption has seen negligible gains. This is due in large part to declines in countries that have predominantly rice-based diets, particularly China and other East Asian countries.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">While production of fruits and vegetables has been expanding over recent years, inadequate consumption remains a problem worldwide. States need to help to make fruits and vegetables accessible and affordable to a larger extent for poor households as well as ensure access to markets by smaller producers.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The WHO recommends that average fruit and vegetable intake should be at least 400g (14 oz) per person per day. But in Europe and Australia, fruit and vegetable consumption remains well below the recommended levels for adults. What's more, in developed countries, the poor eat a smaller quantity of fruit and vegetables.(485)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Chapter 13: OVER-CONSUMPTION CLASS, page 129</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p>xpyr presshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12988452356594125772noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1454051870054975497.post-65921867076601767152020-12-20T23:15:00.000-08:002020-12-20T23:15:02.757-08:00Over-Consumption and GHGs<p style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZDJ52-eZlrQ79fxC9Mn2Px7yBqA6EnKHEsWCRAWL_dPffwoUHkTVCpCnC0O80xDNSyhhQQGnR4k2CUk5_HtGPYQ0VvJxHN83m4W-dn_T_eg95K5Z-IyLHh9BekTqT0kf70vMyrakHwtG3/s1200/2018-12-08-15-34-50-1200x900.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZDJ52-eZlrQ79fxC9Mn2Px7yBqA6EnKHEsWCRAWL_dPffwoUHkTVCpCnC0O80xDNSyhhQQGnR4k2CUk5_HtGPYQ0VvJxHN83m4W-dn_T_eg95K5Z-IyLHh9BekTqT0kf70vMyrakHwtG3/s320/2018-12-08-15-34-50-1200x900.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b><a href="http://www.xpyrpress.com/2020/10/meat-society.html">Meat Society</a></b>: Number 16 in a series exploring issues related to curbing demand for animal products, an important climate change solution for individuals and nations alike, especially in Western states where meat and diary consumption dwarfs other regions.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Excerpt from <i>Meat Climate Change: The 2nd Leading Cause of Global Warming </i>by Moses Seenarine, (2016). Xpyr Press, 348 pages ISBN: 0692641157 <a href="http://amzn.to/2yn7XrC">http://amzn.to/2yn7XrC</a></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The stuff humans consume, like food, gadgets, toys and accessories, is responsible for up to 60 percent of global greenhouse gases (GHGs), and around 50 to 80 percent of total land, material, and water use. Between 60 to 80 percent of the impacts on the planet come from household consumption.(476)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">However, human shoe sizes are not identical, and it is the same with ecological footprints. Consumerism is much higher in developed countries than in poor countries. Those with the highest rates of consumerism have up to 5.5 times the environmental impact as the world average. The US have the highest per capita emissions with 18.6 tonnes CO2e. Luxembourg had 18.5 tonnes, and Australia came in third with 17.7 tonnes. The world average, for comparison, was 3.4 tonnes, and China had just 1.8 tonnes.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Lifestyle and consumption impacts are highly unequal within and between countries. For example, the carbon footprints of citizens in G20 developing countries like Brazil and India are far lower than those of their counterparts in the rich OECD nations like Germany and the UK. On top of that, there are significant differences in the consumption effects caused by rich and poor citizens in developed countries like the USA.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Overall, the world's rich are largely responsible for causing climate chaos. Moreover, climate warming is inextricably linked to economic inequality. A natural disaster crisis driven by climate-altering gases generated by the ‘haves,’ is affecting the ‘have-nots’ the hardest. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Fifty percent of the world’s carbon outflows are produced by the world’s richest 10 percent, while the poorest half, 3.5 billion people, are responsible for a mere 10 percent of CO2 emission. Further exaggerated, the wealthiest one (1) percent of the world’s population emit 30 times the pollution of the poorest 50 percent, and 175 times the volume of carbon of those living in the bottom 10 percent.(477) </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The average GHG footprint of a person in the poorest half of the global population is just 1.57 tCO2. This amount is 11 times less than the average footprint of someone in the richest 10 percent of the world. The average emissions of someone in the poorest 10 percent of the global population is 60 times less that of someone in the richest 10 percent of the world.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The vast majority of the world’s wealthiest 10 percent are high emitters who live in developed 37 OECD countries, although this is slowly changing. In South Africa, the richest 10 percent of citizens already have average lifestyle consumption footprints ten times higher than the poorest half of the population. In Brazil, it is eight times as high. Still, around a third of the world’s richest 10 percent are from the US.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The per capita GHG footprints from the wealthiest 10 percent of Indian citizens are one-quarter of the poorest 50 percent of those from the US. The poorest 50 percent of Indians have a carbon footprint that is one-twentieth of the poorest 50 percent in the US. And, the poorest half of Indians, around 600m people, has a total emissions footprint about the same as the richest 10 percent of citizens in Japan, around 12m people.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">While the total climate-altering gases produced in China divided on a per capita basis have now surpassed those of the European Union, the per capita lifestyle consumption footprint of the wealthiest 10 percent of Chinese citizens are considerably lower than the richest of their OECD counterparts. This is because a large share of China’s emissions is from the production of goods consumed in developed countries. The poorest half of the Chinese population, over 600m people, have a total GHG footprint that is one-third that of the wealthiest 10 percent of US citizens, around 30m people.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The richest citizens in the Global North and Global South can and should cut their GHG footprints through lifestyle modifications. Still and all, they cannot solve the climate crisis alone. Effectual solutions require reduced footprints from the vast majority of citizens in the Global North, who are distinctly part of the over-consumption problem.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">One author, Oppenlander, argues, “Our civilization displays a curious instinct when confronted with a problem related to overconsumption - we simply find a way to produce more of what it is we are consuming, instead of limiting or stopping that consumption.”(478) This is certainly true for food animals, due to the combined efforts of governments, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) like the UN Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), and transnational corporations (TFCs).</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">For decades, the consumption of goods and services has risen steadily in industrial nations, by virtually any measure: (i) amount of household expenditures, (ii) number of consumers, or (iii) by extraction of raw materials. And, consumption is growing rapidly in many developing countries as well.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">An emerging body of research is examining environmentally significant consumption, a broad term used to encompass consumption practices that have particularly serious environmental consequences. Stern notes that “(consumption) is not solely a social or economic activity but a human-environment transaction. Its causes are largely economic and social, at least in advanced societies, but its effects are biophysical.”(479)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Consumption is the result of social, economic, technological, political, and psychological forces. Global, private consumption expenditures - the total spent on goods and services at the household level - topped $20 trillion in 2000, a four-fold spread over 1960 (in 1995 dollars).(480)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">There are in excess of 1.7 billion members of 'the consumer class' and nearly half of them are in the developing world. An over-consumption lifestyle and culture that became common in Europe, North America, Japan, and a few other pockets of the world in the 20th century, is going global in the 21st century.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Around 12 percent of the world’s population that lives in North America and Western Europe are responsible for 60 percent of private consumption spending. In comparison, the 33 percent of the global population living in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa accounts for only 3.2 percent of private consumption.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">US consumers are leaders in over-consumption. With less than 5 percent of the global population, Americans use about a quarter of the world’s fossil fuel resources - 25 percent of the coal, 26 percent of the oil, and 27 percent of the world’s natural gas. On top of that, the UNEP calculated that 33 percent of the average US household's carbon footprint in 2010 was due to emissions caused abroad from the production of goods imported into the US market.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">As of 2003, the US had a larger number of private cars than licensed drivers, and gas-guzzling sport utility trucks were among the best-selling vehicles. New houses in the US were 38 percent bigger in 2002 than in 1975, despite having fewer people per household on average.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">China and India make up 20 percent of the global consumer class, with a combined population of 362 million. Notably, this Asian middle class is bigger than all of Western Europe. All the same, the average Chinese or Indian member consumes substantially less than the average European.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">China and India’s large consumer class constitutes only 16 percent of the region’s population, whereas, in Europe the figure is 89 percent. This suggests that there is considerable room for growth in the developing world, and a vast opportunity to reduce over-consumption in Europe and the Global North.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Chapter 13: OVER-CONSUMPTION CLASS, pages 127-8</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>xpyr presshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12988452356594125772noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1454051870054975497.post-8595894596893159942020-12-17T22:45:00.004-08:002020-12-17T22:45:47.532-08:00Urbanization and Carnism<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigMkqdZbQi1tmVtOxo1fvMNa2UfiqpV97xFFC6jN_VpuJFI8iD7QCz4WtftHs5CuJDgLATWLn4y-Kx1nGyTRYxRfRe3HZ2rOSgkwqUmOoBVeEl7KFNUpPbWQ19yen-1r3VecKUfDGs_RiH/s1600/depositphotos_326121066-stock-photo-assorted-seafood-in-showcase-at.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1300" data-original-width="1600" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigMkqdZbQi1tmVtOxo1fvMNa2UfiqpV97xFFC6jN_VpuJFI8iD7QCz4WtftHs5CuJDgLATWLn4y-Kx1nGyTRYxRfRe3HZ2rOSgkwqUmOoBVeEl7KFNUpPbWQ19yen-1r3VecKUfDGs_RiH/s320/depositphotos_326121066-stock-photo-assorted-seafood-in-showcase-at.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b><a href="http://www.xpyrpress.com/2020/10/meat-society.html">Meat Society</a></b>: Number 15 in a series exploring issues related to curbing demand for animal products, an important climate change solution for individuals and nations alike, especially in Western states where meat and diary consumption dwarfs other regions.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Excerpt from <i>Meat Climate Change: The 2nd Leading Cause of Global Warming</i> by Moses Seenarine, (2016). Xpyr Press, 348 pages ISBN: 0692641157 <a href="http://amzn.to/2yn7XrC">http://amzn.to/2yn7XrC</a></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Rapid urbanization has had, and will continue to have, a profound effect on food consumption patterns. There is higher caloric intake because cities offer a greater range of food choices. This is combined with lower-energy expenditure in urban jobs, and a reduction of physical activity of 10 to 15% compared with rural work. Plus, there is greater inactivity in leisure time.(473)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Urbanization affects lifestyle and food consumption by modification of dietary behavior. To boot, urbanization in the next few decades will primarily be a problem in developing countries that are unprepared to deal with an increasingly unhealthy demographic.(474) Obesity and diabetes are advancing faster in cities than in rural areas of the Global South.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The urbanization niche has been seized by the fast food industry by providing quick access to cheap take-away meals. These meals are crafted to satisfy consumers' demand for foods high in salt, fat, and sugar. As such, the most popular fast food items, like hamburgers, pizzas, and fried chicken, have 30% of their food energy as fat.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">In China, the expansion in the consumption of animal products is higher for urban residents compared with those living in the countryside. In 1997, intake of animal foods was greater for urban people, 178 g (6.2 oz) per capita per day, compared with rural dwellers at 116 g (4.1 oz) per capita per day).(475)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Only 10 or 20 years ago, in many parts of the world, consuming the flesh of food animals was a luxury. But animal-based foods are now a part of the daily diet for a growing number of the middle class in developing countries. Big supermarket chains such as Walmart from the USA, France’s Carrefour, the UK’s Tesco and Germany’s Metro are conquering the globe. Their expansion has sparked massive investments by domestic supermarket companies. Fast food restaurants and chains are also rapidly advancing.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">In regions where supermarkets have made major inroads into the food retailing system, the entire food economy, from farm-to-fork, is affected. For urban consumers, supermarkets can bring nutritional benefits with substantial improvements in the standards of food quality and safety.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Using fossil fuel, supermarkets have solved the problem of keeping animal-based products chilled at competitive prices. Cheaper and safer animal-based foods becomes available to the urban poor because of supermarkets, which induces demand. Stores bring the benefit of convenience as well, a particularly attractive feature to the urban consumer. In addition to population growth, urbanization and access are key structural forces driving carnism.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Chapter 13: OVER-CONSUMPTION CLASS, page 126</span></p>xpyr presshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12988452356594125772noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1454051870054975497.post-33092011186005784872020-12-13T21:00:00.004-08:002021-01-14T23:21:07.378-08:00Sounding the Alarm on Carnism<p style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigTjujI-TDUwoFqdUt5LBaGGW-tfCW_9f9iqn9UcugXQOC290fSY4ufY6EJlp8KtuXgKzc4yeNx_xxC16f49ehsXY08LWvI2MdwUY6t_3r0pU16FdzUM6QT0KqQmMNRmGQm-HPaPZS4hkn/s2048/Federal_Signal_Thunderbolt_1003_head.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1365" data-original-width="2048" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigTjujI-TDUwoFqdUt5LBaGGW-tfCW_9f9iqn9UcugXQOC290fSY4ufY6EJlp8KtuXgKzc4yeNx_xxC16f49ehsXY08LWvI2MdwUY6t_3r0pU16FdzUM6QT0KqQmMNRmGQm-HPaPZS4hkn/s320/Federal_Signal_Thunderbolt_1003_head.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b><a href="http://www.xpyrpress.com/2020/10/meat-society.html">Meat Society</a></b>: Number 14 in a series exploring issues related to curbing demand for animal products, an important climate change solution for individuals and nations alike, especially in Western states where meat and diary consumption dwarfs other regions.</span></p><p></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span>Excerpt from </span><i>Meat Climate Change: The 2nd Leading Cause of Global Warming</i><span> by Moses Seenarine, (2016). Xpyr Press, 348 pages ISBN: 0692641157 </span><a href="http://amzn.to/2yn7XrC">http://amzn.to/2yn7XrC</a></span></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Hundreds of ecologists and agricultural scientists are actively sounding the alarm by highlighting calls for action on animal-based agriculture. A growing body of research points out that eating animal products is inefficient from the perspective of land, water and energy. And, intake of food animals is equally undesirable from a socio-economic, health, biodiversity, climate warming, and animal welfare point of view.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">There are hundreds of researchers investigating the link between climate warming and animal-based diets, and over four dozen studies are listed below. These papers are a limited sample of a large body of research encompassing diverse disciplines, from nutrition to environment. Several areas of this literature are beyond the scope of this article, like animal welfare and advocacy, but they are no less consequential.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">(1) In 2001, the World Bank began to be critical of funding for large-scale livestock projects due to their impacts on the environment and on social equality. The World Bank strategy recommended that institutions should “avoid funding large-scale commercial grain-fed feedlot systems and industrial milk, pork and poultry productions”(376)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">(2) In 2003, Pimentel contended that the dietary pattern in North America is unsustainable. Producing the equivalent measure of protein from animals takes 11 times the amount of fossil fuel and 100 times the volume of water than vegetable protein.(377) (3) In 2007, a group of health researchers concluded that to prevent greenhouse gas (GHG) pollution, the worldwide consumption level of animal products and the intensity of emissions from food animal production must be reduced.(378)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">(4) In 2008, Tara Garnet argued that animal-based meals must be rationed to four portions a week to avoid run-away global warming. Garnet concluded, "Efforts to encourage us voluntarily to change will not achieve what is needed in the time available. Regulatory and fiscal measures that change the context within which we consume are vital."(379)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">(5) Gowri Koneswaran and Danielle Nierenberg concluded that to mitigate climate-altering gases from the food animal sector, immediate and far-reaching changes in production practices and intake patterns “are critical and timely.”(380) (6) The film, Meat the Truth, was presented in London in 2008, and is available in 13 languages in 16 countries. Meat the Truth was the first documentary to link livestock farming and GHG pollution. The book Meat the Truth, is the continuation of the documentary. The anthology contains papers by prominent food scientists, such as Geoff Russell, Elke Stehfest, Barry Brook and Harry Aiking. Researchers from Wageningen UR, who reviewed the calculations of the film, by request of a Dutch Minister, submitted to the collection as well.(381)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">(7) In 2009, Marlow's team determined that a nonvegetarian diet required 2.9 times more water, 2.5 times more primary energy, 13 times more fertilizer, and 1.4 times more pesticides than did a vegetarian diet. And the greatest contribution to the differences came from the consumption of cow flesh.(382) (8) Lord Stern, author of the 2006 Stern Review, on the cost of tackling planetary heating, and a former chief economist of the World Bank, stated that the 2009 climate conference in Copenhagen should have called for a hike in the price of animal products and other foods that play a part in climate warming.(383)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">(9) John Powles argued that finding paths to globally sustainable patterns of animal food production and consumption should be central to climate change policy deliberations. He wrote, “On grounds of geopolitical feasibility (as well as equity), there is no obvious alternative to a policy of ‘contraction and convergence’ - contracting consumption levels in rich countries to leave room for consumption in poor countries to converge upwards.”(384)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">(10) A 2009 examination by the Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency determined that global food transition to less animal consumption, or even a complete switch to plant-based protein food, would have a dramatic effect on land use. Up to 2.7 billion hectares (about 10.4 million square miles) of pasture and 100 million hectares (about 386,000 square miles) of cropland could be abandoned.(385) If implemented, by 2050 universal veganism would cut agriculture carbon dioxide (CO2) by 17%, methane (CH4) by 24%, and nitrous oxide (N2O) by 21%. This would cause a large carbon uptake from regrowing vegetation and reduce the mitigation costs to achieve a 450 ppm CO2e stabilization target by about 50% in 2050.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">(11) Sonesson's team in 2010 noted, "One aspect that potentially is one of the most powerful in combating food’s impact on climate change is the choice of products, i.e. our diets. Since the differences in life cycle GHG emissions are so very large between products fulfilling similar nutritional functions, the scope for improvement is large."(386)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">(12) A 2010 UNEP report stated: "Impacts from agriculture are expected to increase substantially due to population growth increasing consumption of animal products. Unlike fossil fuels, it is difficult to look for alternatives: people have to eat. A substantial reduction of impacts would only be possible with a substantial worldwide diet change, away from animal products."(387) The lead author of the UNEP report said: "Animal products cause more damage than construction minerals such as sand or cement, plastics or metals. Biomass and crops for animals are as damaging as fossil fuels."(388)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">(13) Katherine Richardson and her co-authors noted in their 2011 book that by contributing to global warming “livestock plays a significant role in effecting ecosystem services at global scales by changes such as modified precipitation patterns, warmer climates, carbon storage in soils, changes in extreme events and other predicted feedback changes of global warming with results from local to global scales.”(389)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">(14) In 2011, an Australian team showed that the efficiency of grains are 146 to 560 times that of cattle on an emissions intensity basis, and cattle can emit up to 22 pounds of CO2e per pound of flesh.(390) (15) The lead editor of the European Nitrogen Assessment, Mark Sutton, said, “Nearly half the world’s population depends on synthetic, nitrogen-based fertilizer for food but measures are needed to reduce the impacts of nitrogen pollution. Solutions include more efficient use of fertilizers and manures, and people choosing to eat less meat.”(391)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">(16) A Swedish group calculated the GHG footprint of 84 common food items of animal and vegetable origin. It covered CO2e pollution involved in farming, transportation, processing, retailing, storage and preparation. The team observed that animal-based foods are associated with higher energy use and GHG outflows than plant-based foods.(392)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">(17) Wirsenius concluded that reducing the intake of meat and cow's milk will be indispensable for reaching the 2°C (3.6°F) target with a high probability. He suggested that taxing animal flesh would lead to significant GHG reductions.(393) In a similar way, (18) Foley calculated that shifting to an all-plant diet could increase food calories by 50%, a staggering 3 quadrillion calories per year, and significantly lower GHG emissions, biodiversity losses, water use and water pollution.(394)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">(19) Weiss and Leip suggested in 2012 that for effective reduction of GHG emissions from livestock production, releases occurring outside the agricultural sector need to be taken into account. And reduction targets should address both the production side as defined by IPCC sectors, and the consumption side.(395)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">(20) A Union of Concerned Scientists report in 2012 warned, “Clearing forest for pastures makes money, but it also causes global warming pollution.” The effects of tropical deforestation are responsible for about 15% of the world’s heat-trapping emissions. And three-fifths of the world’s agricultural land is used for cattle that yields less than 5% of humanity’s protein.(396)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">(21) Also in 2012, researchers at the University of Exeter argued that encouraging people to trim back the quantity of food animals they eat could keep global temperatures within the 2°C (3.6°F) threshold. Tom Powell said, “Our research clearly shows that recycling more and eating less meat could provide a key to re-balancing the global carbon cycle.”(397) Powell continued, “Meat production involves significant energy losses - only around 4% of crops grown for livestock turn into meat. By focusing on making agriculture more efficient and encouraging people to reduce the amount of meat they eat, we could keep global temperatures within the two degrees threshold.”</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">(22) Nijdam's analysis of over 100 protein foods ascertained that the carbon footprint of the most climate-friendly, plant-based protein sources is up to 100 times smaller than those of the most climate-unfriendly, animal-based protein sources.(398) (23) A 2012 UK study concluded that food policies must focus on demand rather than supply-side measures to address GHGs as a global issue.(399)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">(24) One study found that a non-vegetarian diet uses about 2.9 greater volume of water, 2.5 greater mass of primary energy, 13 times the sum of fertilizer, and 1.4 extra volume of pesticides. And it generates GHG pollution to a far greater extent than a vegetarian diet.(400) (25) Another group calculated that 22% and 26% of GHG savings can be made by moving from the current UK-average diet to a vegetarian or vegan diet, respectively.(401)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">(26) Shifting crops from animal feed to human food could serve as a 'safety net' when weather or pests create shortages. Davidson, director of the Woods Hole Research Center, reasoned that the developed world will have to cut fertilizer use by 50% and persuade many consumers to stop eating so many food animals in order to stabilize nitrous oxide (N2O) releases by 2050.(402)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">In 2013, (27) Sutton and Dibb calculated that (i) almost a third of global biodiversity loss is attributable to livestock production, (ii) food animal intake is responsible for nearly half of the UK food GHG emissions, and (iii) the estimated cost to the National Health Service in early deaths is £1.28 billion ($1.82b).(403) </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">On a global scale, (28) Emily Cassidy projected that a shift from crops destined for animal feed and industrial uses toward human food could increase available calories by 70% and feed an extra 4 billion people each year.(404) (29) A Swedish report stated that policy makers should discuss and try to influence what their citizens eat.(405) (30) And, a Danish study found that taxes are a low cost way of promoting climate friendly diets without large adverse health effects.(406)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">(31) One more study concluded, “The emission cuts necessary for meeting a global temperature-increase target of 2° might imply a severe constraint on the long-term global consumption of animal food. Due to the relatively limited potential for reducing food-related emissions by higher productivity and technological means, structural changes in food consumption towards less emission-intensive food might be required for meeting the 2° target.”(407)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">(32) In 2014, the "Meat Atlas" by Friends of Earth Europe, claimed that livestock directly or indirectly produces nearly 33% of the anthropogenic climate-altering gases.(408) (33) Also in 2014, the Chatham House report concluded that dietary change is essential if planetary heating is not to exceed 2°C (3.6°F).(409) </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">(34) Researcher Aiking warned, "Under the current conditions of an unprecedented global population size it may be time to rethink issues such as consumer freedom (diet choice) compared with global food security, the use of 2.48 million tons of fish for cat food, and free trade."(410)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">(35) Bajželj's model of agriculture related GHGs is one of the most robust experiments. The study warned that severe reductions in animal consumption are necessary, otherwise, agricultural GHG pollution will take up the entire world’s carbon budget by 2050, with animal agribusiness being a major contributor.(411)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">(36) Tilman in 2014 projected that dietary trends, if unchecked, would be a major contributor to an 80% surge in global agricultural GHGs by 2050. This means all other sectors, like energy, industry, and transport, would have to be zero carbon by then, which is highly unlikely.(412) (37) Eshel's investigation showed that the biggest intervention people could make towards reducing their carbon footprints are not to abandon cars, but to eat significantly less red meat.(413)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">(38) West's team calculated agriculture emissions of climate-altering gases are between 20% and 33% of total manmade GHGs - from deforestation, methane, and fertilizers. In contrast, by not feeding crops to domesticates, using fertilizer where it is needed, and avoiding overuse, countries could bring down GHG outflows markedly.(414)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">(39) Ripple and other scientists suggested that just like a carbon consumption tax, a tax on animal flesh could encourage people to eat less of them.(415) (40) Elin Hallström's team found that simply reducing carcass over-consumption to dietary guidelines will lower GHG pollution from livestock production in Sweden from 40% to 15–25% by 2050, and cropland use from 50% to 20–30%.(416)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">(41) Soret's health-based 2014 study used a nonvegetarian diet as a reference, and found that reductions in GHGs for semi-vegetarian diet was 22%, and for vegetarian diets it was 29%. On top of this, the mortality rates for non-vegetarians, semi-vegetarians, and vegetarians were 6.66, 5.53, and 5.56 deaths per 1000 person-years, respectively.(417)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">(42) In 2015, Elin Röös's team assessed three animal-based diets - a diet corresponding to Nordic recommendations, the current average Swedish diet, and a low carbohydrate-high fat diet. They determined that all three diets are above the sustainable level of climate impact.(418) (43) Another Swedish study determined that taxes on animal flesh and cow's milk could reduce emissions of GHG, nitrogen and phosphorus, by up to 12% from this sector.(419)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">(44) The 2015 Chatham House report concluded, “Interventions to change the relative prices of foods are likely to be among the most effective in changing consumption patterns.” The report adds that countries should aim "to increase the price of meat and other unsustainable products" through a carbon tax.(420) And (45) Hallström's 2015 review found that dietary change can reduce the sector's GHG emissions and land use demand by up to 50%.(421)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">(46) Talia Raphaely's edited collection of articles in 2015 includes one by Robert Goodland, who argued that food animals contribute 51% of GHGs. Raphaely describes how carnism impacts all aspects of human life and humanity's long-term survival prospects. Yet, society continues to ignore the negative impacts of consuming animal flesh and the sector's high contribution to global GHG emissions.(422)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">(47) In 2016, a large-scale study showed that methane (CH4) from manure, ruminants, landfill, and waste, and nitrous oxide (N2O) from crop cultivation, are offsetting the land carbon dioxide (CO2) sink by two-fold.(423) (48) Another 2016 study concluded, “Deep cuts, by 50% or more, in ruminant meat consumption… is the only dietary change that with high certainty is unavoidable if the EU climate targets are to be met.”(424)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">(49) Chalmers' team determined that livestock carbon consumption taxes in Scotland can reduce household demand for food animal products and result in a 10.5% reduction in Scottish food GHG emissions.(425) Also in 2016, (50) Springmann found that adhering to health guidelines on food animal consumption could cut global food-related emissions by nearly a third by 2050. Moreover, widespread adoption of a vegetarian diet would bring down emissions by 63%, and veganism by 70%.(426)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />Chapter 11: WHAT CRISIS? pages 108-111</span></p>xpyr presshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12988452356594125772noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1454051870054975497.post-65566400339889332182020-12-13T15:36:00.003-08:002020-12-17T22:51:47.029-08:00Livestock's Emissions Denial?<p style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDVrfptnupIJLyhNn4DPMIH9A_rRd_bWsT1p8NACPr2dd5u_ORa7X8MIwV-BfYFZU_oIYDYSlfyUULcePC2WhTiFcdc02ALinKdXOhJqZZ09BnUJcfjJyzxy3JlbuzsIZ2UUpPAfSUGVAy/s828/6785825240_252e44525f_o.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="552" data-original-width="828" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDVrfptnupIJLyhNn4DPMIH9A_rRd_bWsT1p8NACPr2dd5u_ORa7X8MIwV-BfYFZU_oIYDYSlfyUULcePC2WhTiFcdc02ALinKdXOhJqZZ09BnUJcfjJyzxy3JlbuzsIZ2UUpPAfSUGVAy/s320/6785825240_252e44525f_o.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b><a href="http://www.xpyrpress.com/2020/10/meat-society.html">Meat Society</a></b>: Number 13 in a series exploring issues related to curbing demand for animal products, an important climate change solution for individuals and nations alike, especially in Western states where meat and diary consumption dwarfs other regions.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Excerpt from <i>Meat Climate Change: The 2nd Leading Cause of Global Warming</i> by Moses Seenarine, (2016). Xpyr Press, 348 pages ISBN: 0692641157 <a href="http://amzn.to/2yn7XrC">http://amzn.to/2yn7XrC</a><br /><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Science raises above religion and politics most of the time, but not when it comes to economics and the treatment of food and experimental animals. Then, science takes a back seat. The social and political contexts of animal-based diets and climate change shape engagement of both of these issues, and it is hard to get a truly balanced view.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Mirroring carnism in the general population, probably close to 95% of climatologists are consumers of animal products. And, while there is agreement on the manmade causes of global warming, this inherent conflict of interest in climatology fosters the denial of dietary footprints. As a result, even scientists who focus on methane's short-term impacts on abrupt planetary heating are largely dismissive of the voluminous discharges from animal agriculture.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Regardless of the peril, food and climate scientists, animal advocates, and health experts all face a public backlash if they are perceived as being too invasive by telling individuals what to eat and how to live their lives. These agents of change risk disapproval in trying to save the public from themselves. Yet, if climatologists continue to minimize and ignore diet-related dangers, this sets a bad example for the general public to do nothing as well.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">To their credit, many environmental, food-focused, and animal protection NGOs in the US, Canada, and Sweden do mention the contribution of food animal production to climate warming on their websites. Yet, few of these NGOs have formal campaigns to reduce animal consumption, or seek to promote national-level polices to reduce the consumption of animal products.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Linking food animal consumption to climate is outside the core missions of many intergovernmental agencies as well. Moreover, many environmental organizations prefer tactics other than behavior modification promotion. Not surprisingly, then, animal protection organizations are advocating for larger reductions in animal-based consumption than environmental groups.(362)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">In contrast, climate scientists and activists alike are sounding the alarm regarding fossil fuel pollution. In a controversial statement, James Hansen, arguably the world's most famous climate scientist, compared coal trains to Nazi death trains. In particular, Hansen and other climatologists call for radical and transformative modifications in the energy system. They even argue that energy producers and consumers should pay for the social cost of greenhouse gas (GHG) pollution.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Hansen writes, "If fossil fuels were made to pay their costs to society, costs of pollution and climate change, carbon-free alternatives might supplant fossil fuels over a period of decades. However, if governments force the public to bear the external costs and even subsidize fossil fuels, carbon emissions are likely to continue to grow, with deleterious consequences for young people and future generations."</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">While climatologists are calling for a radical transformation in fossil-based economies, few even view animal-based agriculture as relevant. Nevertheless, the mounting consumption of food animals is similar to the widening use of fossil fuels. And, the endangerment and effect on global temperature are the same. Additional anthropogenic CO2 is going to cause extra climate warming, irrespective of whether the source of CO2 is a car or a cow.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">If the food animal industry and consumers were made to pay their costs to society for ill health, pollution, and global warming, plant-based alternatives might supplant animal flesh over a period of decades. But, if governments continue to force the public to bear the external costs and subsidize livestock, GHGs will proliferate with severe outcomes for children and future generations.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Unlike his views on coal, Hansen does not see cattle trains as death trains, but he does admit that one of the best actions an individual can take is to stop eating animals. “I've almost become a vegetarian,” he claimed in an interview.(363) But Hansen has never publicly discussed plant-based diet as a climate solution.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Scientists, NGOs and activists alike point out that the food animal industry is vital to incomes, employment, labor, and economies across the globe. These same arguments for jobs and economic growth are made by the fossil fuel industry. Yet, the benefits of oil, coal and gas are viewed as not enough to overcome the perils of pollution and climate warming.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">In contrast, scientists and environmentalists consider the arguments made for people to go vegetarian or vegan in order to stop climate warming, and to reduce pressure on forests and food prices, as hyperbolic and bound to fail. These 'experts' have rarely inspected livestock's GHG pollution. And, they deflect the western livestock over-consumption problem by focusing on how plant-based diets would fail in the developing world.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The vast majority of the global South are primarily plant-based, though they still depend on animals for food and products such as leather and wool, for manure, and for help in tilling fields to grow crops. Subsistence and small farmers are not the main culprits of planetary heating. The lion's share of the industry's GHG pollution and growth are from industrialized factory farms.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Yet, one denier of food animals' GHGs concluded, “The notion that cows and sheep are four-legged weapons of mass destruction has become something of a distraction from the real issues in both climate change and food production."(364) This framing minimizes and trivializes the over-consumption crisis. Furthermore, it inherently provides an endorsement for large-scale livestock production, while ignoring its pollution and endangerment to humans and biodiversity.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Western livestock over-consumption patterns are a far bigger problem than animal use by the billions of poor in the under-developed world. To boot, a large part of the developed world's animal flesh and feed is imported from the under-developed world, so casting blame on them is doubly cruel. To make matters worse, environmentalists and climate activists routinely use animal husbandry among third world subsistence farmers as an excuse to reject dietary modification as a strategy for reducing climate-altering gases.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The effects of animal consumption on climate are rarely acknowledged as an issue by climate journalists or by many of the world's leading climatologists, leaders, and activists. From Ban Ki-moon, Al Gore, Renate Christ, James Hansen and Michael Mann, to Susan Solomon, Gavin Schmidt, Bill McKibben, Neil deGrassse Tyson, Bill Nye, Michael Bloomberg, Naomi Klein, Richard Tol and Bob Ward, there is mainly silence.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The following can similarly be added to the list of people in climate science who ignore and deny livestock's GHG pollution: Suzanne Goldenberg, Joe Romm, Dana Nuccitelli, Alice Bows-Larkin, Max Boycoff, Simon Buckle, Mike Childs, Tan Copsey, Susannah Eliott, Sam Geall, Will Grant, Fiona Fox, Leo Hickman, Brendan Montague, Tim Nuthall, James Painter, Chris Rapley, John Timmer, and James Wilsdon.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">When they do talk about diet, climate leaders dangerously under-estimate animal agriculture’s impact. Case in point, McKibben of 350.org admits that he does not eat animal carcass that often, but claims animal agriculture can be done sustainably.(365) This reductionist position can be summed up as: “we need to move away from factory farming, adopt a modified form of grazing, and buy locally.”(366)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Nobel Laureate Al Gore, it his 2006 film on climate change, “An Inconvenient Truth,” gave minimal mention to diet in terms of its contributions to GHGs and what people can do to lower their footprints. Gore did go vegan in 2013, but he did so quietly and rarely talks of diet's link to climate change.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Dozens of climate organizations have called for divestment from fossil fuel companies. And, prompted by student activism on campus, many college endowments have started to divest from oil, coal and gas companies. Even fossil fuel heirs, like the Rockefeller Brothers Fund, have pledged to divest a total of $50bn from fossil fuels.(367)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">In the release of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2014 Synthesis report, UN secretary general Ban Ki-moon specifically addressed investors and pension fund managers. Ki-moon pleaded, “Please reduce your investments in the coal- and fossil fuel-based economy and (move) to renewable energy.” Similarly, UN climate chief, Christiana Figueres, urged faith groups to tell followers not to invest in fossil fuel companies.(368)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Pope Francis of the powerful Catholic church issued the first-ever comprehensive Vatican teachings on climate change, following a visit in March 2015, to Tacloban, the Philippine city devastated in 2012 by Typhoon Haiyan. (369) The edict urges 1.2 billion Catholic followers to take climate action and was sent to the world’s 5,000 Catholic bishops and 400,000 priests, who distributed it to their parishioners. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Even Prince Charles of the UK called out corporate lobbyists, saying “Climate change skeptics are turning Earth into dying patient.”(370) Top climatologists, a Prince, and the Pope, all understand the seriousness of climate alteration, and some are even confronting the fossil fuel industry with calls for divestment. However, they are largely silent on food animals' GHGs. There is a dire need for experts and those with influence to take on animal-based agribusiness and call for zero-use and divestment from livestock production as well.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">One example of this denial was evident at the UN Climate Change Conference, Lima COP20 in 2014. At the event, two of Peru’s most famous chefs give lessons in sustainable cooking to the Conference of the Parties (COP) president and the head of UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The chefs helped the VIPs prepare vegetarian ceviche using a cleaner, wood-fired cook stove. Tellingly, the press and photo opportunity event centered almost exclusively on reducing emissions by using the wood stove, rather than through dietary modifications.(371)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Chapter 11: WHAT CRISIS? page 104-5</span></p>xpyr presshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12988452356594125772noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1454051870054975497.post-52459011292857243862020-12-13T14:03:00.009-08:002021-01-05T11:00:22.173-08:00GHGs: A Tale of Two Sources<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqoYX0TWtP0K4DloJsTrnKE-tO7R9hPLc0-e5ObbnuqK_sL0uWNZst_fgI43pASP0iGCuFZzXMgKZ-V9L6BLaKKPgrPxoSr_Qc7WFxNuSaOadzZnxJqjlhCA80z5A4wJ7JjxKfThDpaGoI/s2048/Mass_rally_at_CUHK_20190902.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1365" data-original-width="2048" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqoYX0TWtP0K4DloJsTrnKE-tO7R9hPLc0-e5ObbnuqK_sL0uWNZst_fgI43pASP0iGCuFZzXMgKZ-V9L6BLaKKPgrPxoSr_Qc7WFxNuSaOadzZnxJqjlhCA80z5A4wJ7JjxKfThDpaGoI/s320/Mass_rally_at_CUHK_20190902.jpg" width="320" /></a></div></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><a href="http://www.xpyrpress.com/2020/10/meat-society.html">Meat Society</a></b>: Number 12 in a series exploring issues related to curbing demand for animal products, an important climate change solution for individuals and nations alike, especially in Western states where meat and diary consumption dwarfs other regions.</div></span><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Excerpt from<i> Meat Climate Change: The 2nd Leading Cause of Global Warming</i> by Moses Seenarine, (2016). Xpyr Press, 348 pages ISBN: 0692641157 <a href="http://amzn.to/2yn7XrC">http://amzn.to/2yn7XrC</a><br /><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The food animal sector plays an often unrecognized role in planetary heating. Animal agriculture specifically drives global warming and is linked to proliferating greenhouse gasses (GHGs), the food crisis, and water emergencies. Animal agribusiness has large footprints on the air, land, water, energy, materials, health, and other areas. These GHG footprints are part of food animals' life-cycle and their byproducts' supply chains.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Ominously, livestock's footprints consist of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and other GHGs, that have a larger cumulative effect on climate warming than from each gas added up individually. And, unless food animals' GHGs are reduced along with fossil fuels, they may set in motion various environmental feedbacks that result in surpassing climate tipping points. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">According to one study, by 2050, the food animal sector may alone account for 72% of the total “safe operating space” for human-caused GHG pollution, 88% of the safe operating space for biomass use, and 300% of the safe operating space for the mobilization of nitrogen compounds in soils and elsewhere. This would lead to irreversible changes, irrespective of efforts to mitigate GHGs in other sectors.(356)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">For reducing carbon-based emissions, an argument can be made that fossil fuels are not essential for human survival and that many non-carbon sources of energy already exist, and should be used instead. Oddly, this argument is often inverted when dealing with animal agribusiness GHGs. Animal-based diets are routinely viewed as non-negotiable and indispensable to human survival. And, the common perception is that other protein sources are not as good or available.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">All the same, a World Bank review of the connection between consumption of animal products and health determined that in many situations, the partial displacement of carbohydrate staple source of energy with animal products may have neutral or no beneficial health effect. Another socioeconomic inquiry noted, “the use of plant source of protein and fat, such as soy products, nuts, and vegetable oils, may provide even greater health benefits and should therefore be considered simultaneously when considering investments in development.”(357)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Red meat consumption is associated with an enhanced hazard of cardiovascular disease and cancer mortality. In contrast, substitution of other healthy protein sources for red meat is associated with lower mortality.(358) Similar to pollution from fossil fuels, animal-based diets have profoundly negative effects on human health and the environment. And, in turn, animal-based diet related illnesses and animal waste pollution, generate immense quantities of CO2 in health care, habitat restoration, and so on.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Interestingly, Pope Francis's 183-page encyclical on the environment, released in June 2015, discusses the environmental crisis and the immorality of capitalism. It argues passionately for economic and cultural equality. For all that, the encyclical remains completely silent on animal agribusiness GHG pollution.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) is headquartered in Rome, not far from the Vatican. The agency has acknowledged numerous times the significance of livestock's GHGs and the sector's contributions to planetary heating. Despite this, the Pope and the Church refuse to call out the exploitative and destructive practices of the animal flesh, cow's milk and chicken egg industries in their encyclical to save humanity from escalating temperatures.(359)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">In October 2015, the FAO's director and the French Minister of Agriculture both called for targeted policies and investments in food security and agriculture, to be at the center of debates on climate. They warned that failure to do so would unravel recent progress made in combating world hunger.(360)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The FAO's director indicated that there was a need to reduce deforestation and overfishing, and to improve soil fertility, to achieve lower emissions. He said the FAO was ready to assist countries through agroecology, 'climate-smart' agriculture, integrated coastal management, sustainable land management, and forest landscape restoration. Curiously, the director did not call for a reduction in food animal production or suggest that stepping up animal-based consumption was unsustainable and self-destructive.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The animal carcass, chicken eggs, and cow's milk lobbies are well-organized, and many politicians minimize and ignore animal agribusiness GHGs due to conflicts of interest. Case in point, a European Parliament member belittled the problem by saying, "I don't believe that the world will come to an end because of cows burping and farting."</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">A senior member of the staff of the German Environment Minister confessed, "We have exempted agriculture from the climate protection strategy in order to limit the number of potential sources of conflict.” While, the chairman of the German Advisory Council on the Environment was explicit in stating, "No one dares to say that we ought to eat less meat and more plant-based protein."(361)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Carbon and food based emissions are both real and dangerous. While one is increasingly being placed under a policy microscope, the other remains completely untouchable by priests and politicians alike. Fear of a public backlash and neoliberal attack by transnational food corporations (TFCs) prevents the powerful solution of dietary change from seeing the light of day.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Chapter 11: WHAT CRISIS? page 103</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p>xpyr presshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12988452356594125772noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1454051870054975497.post-43523292117254030632020-12-09T01:28:00.003-08:002021-01-05T11:00:08.145-08:00Mitigating Demand for Animal Protein<p style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjO8g0U8DBSAznQJgiUmSN4BY_6bkwCDrFbBmTfRfCvxliBbH5DgBwUkdOXPIDDiC90J7xme0ryLDAb0ff88YHySNU3wIhPFkh_rSEpL66YGudyGolib_AhJmb_2hC5o49tW5VmnTE6JsKl/s1024/Global-meat-consumption-1961-2009.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="587" data-original-width="1024" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjO8g0U8DBSAznQJgiUmSN4BY_6bkwCDrFbBmTfRfCvxliBbH5DgBwUkdOXPIDDiC90J7xme0ryLDAb0ff88YHySNU3wIhPFkh_rSEpL66YGudyGolib_AhJmb_2hC5o49tW5VmnTE6JsKl/s320/Global-meat-consumption-1961-2009.png" width="320" /></a><br />(Global meat consumption 1961-2009)</div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b><a href="http://www.xpyrpress.com/2020/10/meat-society.html">Meat Society</a></b>: Number 11 in a series exploring issues related to curbing demand for animal products, an important climate change solution for individuals and nations alike, especially in Western states where meat and diary consumption dwarfs other regions.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Excerpt from <i>Meat Climate Change: The 2nd Leading Cause of Global Warming</i> by Moses Seenarine, (2016). Xpyr Press, 348 pages ISBN: 0692641157 <a href="http://amzn.to/2yn7XrC">http://amzn.to/2yn7XrC</a></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Eliminating subsidies for domesticates and feed crops would increase the price of livestock products and lower the intake of food animals. Placing limits on advertising and warning labels, as with tobacco products, would likewise curb demand. On average, a 10% spike in the price of cow flesh results in a 7.5% lowering of intake, and around 35% of carnists admitted that when chicken prices rise, they simply eat more vegetables.(652)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) published a report in 2013 on reducing carbon emissions in livestock production FAO 2013 authors admit that with the burgeoning volume of domesticated food animals, complementary measures may be needed to ensure that overall greenhouse gas (GHG) pollution is curbed. Yet, oddly enough, the report provide few details on how to achieve this reduction, thereby ignoring a vast body of research that shows how mitigating demand for animal flesh could feed larger numbers of people with less GHG pollution. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">For over five decades, numerous institutes and research reports have demonstrated that cutting consumption can significantly reduce climate-altering discharges from the animal agribusiness sector. There were stacks of books published from the 1960s to the 1990s on animal-based diets and the environment. For instance, Ruth Harrison, in 1964(653); Frances Lappé, in 1971(654); Robbins, in 1987(655); Fiddes, in 1991(656); and Rifkin, in 1992.(657) These early works were influential and clearly linked carnism with environmental devastation.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Less well-known, but equally critical academic analysis was conducted by Joan Gussow and Katherine Clancy in 1986(658); Ehrlich, Ehrlich and Daily, in 1995(659); Burning and Brough in 1991(660); Joan Gussow, in 1994(661); Robert Goodland, in 1997(662); Michael Fox, in 1999(663); and Subak, in 1999.(664) These early investigations were based mainly on narrative, demographic, and ethnographic data since there was a general lack of primary research on the sector's climate-altering gases.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">At the beginning of the 21st century, a flurry of scientific papers began to probe the impact of diet and livestock on ecosystems, providing the missing primary data. Namely, in 2000, research by Renault and Wallender,(665) and Dutilh and Kramer(666) were published on water productivity and energy use in the food animal sector.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">In 2003, Wirsenius,(667) Leitzmann,(668) Pimentel and Pimentel,(669) and Reijnders and Soret(670) conducted primary research on metabolism, nutrition, water use, protein choices and other aspects of livestock production. In 2004, Rattan Lal measured carbon outflows on farms(671), and in 2006, Eshel and Martin calculated the climate-altering pollution from various diets.(672)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">This valuable body of pertinent scientific research was widely available before FAO's 2006 and 2013 assessment of GHG emissions from animal agribusiness. Peculiarly, the popular environmental literature and volumes of primary data on demand-side analysis were both ignored by the UN authors. Moreover, since the vast majority of people on the planet already eat a climate-friendly, plant-based diet, then it makes sense for the FAO to concentrate on transforming livestock over-consumption.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">By way of illustration, a team of Italian researchers noted that a plant-based diet based on organic products has the smallest environmental impact. Their findings, published online in 2006, showed that cow carcass had the greatest impact, along with cheese, fish, and cow's milk.(673) This and many other studies were ignored by the FAO. The mitigating demand approach, based on personal action, helps to solve the food crisis, and social inequalities as well. The UN food agency refuses to come to grips with the larger issue of the inefficiency of animal-based diets, and by all odds, the Earth could support larger numbers of people for a given area of land farmed if humans ate lower on the food chain.(674)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">In 2007, McMichael's team investigated ways to reduce the impact of livestock production on the environment and concluded that current efficiency measures were not producing the magnitude of amendments required to sufficiently impact GHG footprints. The most equitable way was a constriction and convergence policy. The team concluded that Western countries should considerably reduce their red meat consumption, and developing countries should not surpass this lower target.(675)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Demand-moderating policies are vital because of the overall low potential for reducing agricultural GHGs by technological means. Besides, there are inherently large land requirements for ruminant flesh production. So what humans eat does matter.(676)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Based on improvements in scale, the FAO's strategies for 30% GHG reduction have increased vulnerability and negative side-effects. Even if, somehow, efficiency improves and yield gaps are closed, the projected demand for food animals will continue to drive agricultural expansion.(677) Mitigating demand is an effective way to reduce the sector's climate-altering gases, but is not entertained by the leading food authority in the slightest.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">FAO 2006 projects that the global agricultural area may expand by 280m ha (1m sq mi) in 2030, from the current 5.1b ha (20m sq mi) to 5.4b ha (21m sq mi). One team used these estimates and assumed a minor transition towards vegetarian food, with a 25% diminution in animal consumption, and a somewhat lower food wastage rate. In this scenario, land use drops to 4.4 billion ha (17m sq mi), and land use in high-income regions dwindles down further by about 15%.(678)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Demand-side measures offer a greater potential of 1.5 - 15.6 Gt CO2e per year in meeting food security and GHG emission challenges, than do supply-side measures. The latter offers only 1.5 - 4.3 Gt CO2e per year at carbon prices between $20 and $100.(679) At the national level, in the UK, for instance, the average diet embodies 8.8 kg (19.4 pounds) CO2e per person every day. Eliminating food animals from the diet will lower food-related climate-altering discharges by 35%.(680)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The UN food agency encourage public subsidies for the cattle industry to increase efficiency, but to help mitigate the escalating environmental impacts of cow carcass production, the FAO should instead call on governments to should stop subsidizing cow flesh production, and cease the promotion of cattle consumption. Governments should also regulate and control the future expansion of soybeans and extensive grazing.(681)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">In an evaluation of processed protein food based on soy-beans and animal protein, researchers observed a variety of environmental impacts associated with primary production and processing. Notably, the impacts for animal flesh were four to 100 times greater than that vegetable protein, while the comparison of cheese impacts ranged from 5 to 21 times greater than vegetables. And, the energy use for fish protein was up to 14 times larger than protein of vegetable origin.(682)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Mitigating demand for animal protein is an effective way to reduce GHGs, but the FAO and other UN climate reports ignore this approach. The German consumer protection organization, Foodwatch, calculated that shifting from a conventional diet based on animal flesh and cow's milk, to a conventionally-raised vegan diet would reduce GHG pollution by 87%, while shifting to an organic diet containing animal carcass and cow's milk would only reduce emissions by 8%. By contrast, a 100% organic vegan diet would reduce GHG pollution by 94%.(683)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">If humans restricted their diet to primary producers – eating plants, instead of eating the herbivores, fish and other animals that eat plants - the Earth could support much larger populations of people. Plus, there would be comparatively less land degradation because fewer acres would be needed for food production. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">For demand-side animal protein measures to work, given the difficulties in implementation and lag in their effectiveness, policies and reforms should be introduced quickly. Also, mitigation programs could be integrated with other plans of actions, such as improving environmental quality and dietary health.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Chapter 17: THE POLITICS OF MEAT, pages 173 - 4.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p>xpyr presshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12988452356594125772noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1454051870054975497.post-36642677383817389662020-12-06T21:13:00.006-08:002020-12-17T22:51:02.518-08:00Structural Demand for Animal Flesh<p style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFjuuw0KHYSGb-NJfHKK5olNhewMJLhPzT6mrh1DpqcM5u1wQlYCeYrSxuT-W1WMMSD8TGPQxYY-e8D1BsjVh1VAzcv9gnG5DLbMq7UWycjGGIb2ogwsquF_ntnvSS0cpBpOmjx3MPLJ7d/s2048/_105471775_consumption-nc.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1440" data-original-width="2048" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFjuuw0KHYSGb-NJfHKK5olNhewMJLhPzT6mrh1DpqcM5u1wQlYCeYrSxuT-W1WMMSD8TGPQxYY-e8D1BsjVh1VAzcv9gnG5DLbMq7UWycjGGIb2ogwsquF_ntnvSS0cpBpOmjx3MPLJ7d/s320/_105471775_consumption-nc.png" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b><a href="http://www.xpyrpress.com/2020/10/meat-society.html">Meat Society</a></b>: Number 10 in a series exploring issues related to curbing demand for animal products, an important climate change solution for individuals and nations alike, especially in Western states where meat and diary consumption dwarfs other regions.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Excerpt from <i>Meat Climate Change: The 2nd Leading Cause of Global Warming</i> by Moses Seenarine, (2016). Xpyr Press, 348 pages ISBN: 0692641157 <a href="http://amzn.to/2yn7XrC">http://amzn.to/2yn7XrC</a></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The social and structural factors of animal consumption are rarely looked at. Also, due to conflicts of interests, the world's leading food authorities cannot, and do not, question any of the aspects of structural demand they promote. The production of food animals is not simply a direct response to consumer demand, since production and intake are affected by (i) government subsidies; (ii) industry groups, such as the councils and trade associations for cows, pigs, chickens, etc.; (iii) national nutritional guidelines; (iv) schools and organizations; (v) advertising and popular culture; (vi) business and private interests; (vii) communities and traditions; and so on.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Indeed, political economists have long argued that the economic elite control consumer preferences through means of social, psychological, and cultural manipulation. Particularly, consumers are manipulated through the use of advertising.(639) And, curiously, the food animal industry' promotional messages are considered by the US Supreme Court as “government speech.”</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The livestock industry is capable of manipulating food preferences because it is extremely powerful and consolidated. In the US alone, the sales of animal flesh was $186 billion in 2011, more than the GDP of Hungary or Ukraine. On top of this, according to the American Meat Institute, “Meat and poultry industry impacts firms in all 509 sectors of the U.S. Economy... (and) generates $864.2 billion annually to the U.S. economy, or roughly 6 percent of the entire GDP.”(640) </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">In contrast to this vast sum, all vegetables, fruits, and nuts combined sold $45 billion in 2011, almost four times less than what livestock products earned. The combined sales of beans, peas, and lentils, which are animal flesh substitutes, were 140 times less than livestock products.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">In 2015 alone, the cattle carcass industry spent $39 million of the government-created, checkoff program revenues on “consumer public relations,” “nutrition-influencer relations,” and countering “misinformation from anti-beef groups.” The industry calculated that the checkoff program resulted in Americans eating 11.3% more cow carcass. As a trade magazine boasted in 2013, “The beef industry has worked hard to create the love affair that Americans have with a big, juicy ribeye.”</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The pig industry’s “The Other White Meat” tagline is the fifth-most recognized advertising slogan in the history of American marketing. And, it had the blessings of the USDA. After the campaign was launched in 1987, sales of pig carcass climbed 20% for five years.(641). Not to be outdone, one of the cattle industry’s websites boasts of their advertising clout, “In the minds of the many consumers hearing that question [‘What’s for dinner?’], a dominant answer has been planted: Beef. It’s what’s for dinner. Not just planted, in fact. Watered, nourished and cared for over the past two decades.”(642)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Generic advertising campaigns by livestock producers is augmented by promotions from food animal vendors, such as restaurants. McDonald’s is the largest cow carcass buyer in the US and many other countries. This transnational food corporation (TFC) spent $1.37 billion on advertising in 2011, and sold about seventy-five burgers per second each day, worldwide. The most frequent advertising spot on children’s Saturday morning television is McDonald’s, and the second is Burger King. Not surprisingly then, after Santa Claus, Ronald McDonald is the most recognized figure for American kids.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The industry also works hard at disassociating domesticated food animals from the products produced by animal-based TFCs. For instance, food animals and the conditions under which they live are rarely represented in flesh, egg, and milk advertising. Instead, the absent referents and actual subjects are objectified and hidden through the use of language and images centered on the indulgent aspects of food animals' preparation and consumption.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">In contrast, there are no checkoff program for plant-based foods, or trade associations that represent all fruit, vegetable, bean, and lentil growers. Consequently, according to the US deputy secretary of agriculture, producers of fresh fruits and vegetables “have traditionally been under-represented in farm bill policy.”(ibid) Moreover, the few promotions that do encourage eating more vegetables operate with much smaller budgets than livestock campaigns. For instance, the "5 A Day for Better Health" promotion developed by the National Cancer Institute and the Produce for Better Health Foundation in 1999, had a budget of less than $3 million.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">In effect, production generates consumption because livestock producers, processors, and marketers have cultural hegemony, that is, control over the values and beliefs of a culture. From this perspective, the structural power of the animal carcass industry is a major determinant of levels of animal consumption.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Cronon’s analysis of how the US animal carcass industry grew throughout the 19th Century by transforming American agriculture demonstrate that consumer habits are greatly influenced by powerful corporate interests.(643) Indeed, few economic institutions affect human communities and natural ecosystems in the modern capitalist world to a larger extent than livestock and feed commodity markets.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Diet can be viewed within a historically formulated understanding of a given social system. It is an evolutionary product of environmental conditions and of the basic forces, especially the social institutions and social relations, that effectively determine their use.(644) Variation in what people eat reflects substantive variation in status and power. Diet fundamentally characterize societies that are internally stratified into rich and poor, sick and healthy, developed and underdeveloped, overfed and undernourished.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Social structural factors form the context in which psychological factors for demand and choice operates.(645) Numerous research papers show that social psychological factors, such as values and beliefs, have a greater influence on consumer demand for various food types, than do demographic and economic factors.(646)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">According to McCracken, the creation of social distinctions, such as class, race, and occupation, is supported and authenticated through material objects.(647) Therefore, variation in consumptive patterns may be expected among individuals in different social categories. Differences in food consumption patterns may distinguish one social group from another and these consumption patterns may reproduce social differentiation.(648) These are some of the structural factors driving the overconsumption class.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Biological sex has a strong influence on animal consumption, as well. Gossard and York ascertained that women consume substantially less total carcass than men, 74 grams (2.6 oz) a day less.(649) What's more, females consume less cow carcass, almost 17 grams (0.6 oz) a day less, which is considered a “powerful” and masculine food.(650) Newspaper representations of men, food and health indicate a persistent adherence to hegemonic masculinities predicated on health-defeating diets, special occasion cooking of hearty meals, and a general distancing from the feminized realm of dieting. At the same time, men are constructed as naive and vulnerable when it comes to diet and health, while women are viewed as experts.(651) </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Clearly, there are compelling structural factors operating to influence individual and group diet, and tremendous potential for mitigating demand through a transformation in values. However, there is a lack of information on policies and related social and psychological aspects for this transformation.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Chapter 17: THE POLITICS OF MEAT, pages 171-2</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>xpyr presshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12988452356594125772noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1454051870054975497.post-80976865602034988352020-11-23T21:21:00.009-08:002020-11-23T22:49:26.079-08:00losing trump<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm3BW9szYNDGcHYWG0B45G1CdsTzBKzVAxQek9AhxWvbUE0B_c4rkp_z6xv81DCMUZ75-FlL1puiOzA1TCgs-lCjL_22MxUH3aI7Pud8b-DfXg7U0iEvPj4mQfU5Kh1oxHlbbLWi9svbch/s1864/20200426_131232.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1864" data-original-width="1574" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm3BW9szYNDGcHYWG0B45G1CdsTzBKzVAxQek9AhxWvbUE0B_c4rkp_z6xv81DCMUZ75-FlL1puiOzA1TCgs-lCjL_22MxUH3aI7Pud8b-DfXg7U0iEvPj4mQfU5Kh1oxHlbbLWi9svbch/s320/20200426_131232.jpg" /></a></span></div><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">for four very long years</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">a thick, blinding fog of hate </span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">blanketed the landscape</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">from ocean to ocean</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">no one could escape</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">raging dark clouds above</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">suffocating liberal life below</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">returning us to an unequal past</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">ending decades of progress</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">with freedom to openly detest</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">minorities and immigrants</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">classism, sexism and racism </span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">masking as right-wing populism</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">november 3rd arrived</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">resistance was on the line</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">to stop the right-wing tea party</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">la raza showed up in arizona</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">brothas and sistas turned out</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">in michigan, georgia & pennsylvania</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">the orange menace lost</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">biden and harris won</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">what a mega relief</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">this clown's election defeat</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">progressives can take a breath</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">after four hair-raising years</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">suffering from maga grief</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">a con's tsunami of lies</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">from morning to eve</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">a 24-hour media spectacle </span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">celebration of mediocrity</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">feelings and certitude of ignorance</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">racist signaling day and night</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">to the low-melanin, christian base </span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">from obama's birthergate</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">and 'grab 'em by the pussy'</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">to chants of 'lock her up'</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">and 'build that wall'</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">from a muslim travel ban</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">'people from shithole countries'</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">and mass roundups by ICE</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">to family separation at the border</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">putting children in cages</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">revoking protected status</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">for immigrants facing persecution</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">stopping asylum-seekers</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">and ending DACA</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">from 'good people on both sides'</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">leaving the paris accord</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">and environmental rollbacks</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">to ignoring the 'chinese plague'</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">and 'stop the steal'</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">the buffoon dance is over</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">after taking a deep breath</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">the left must begin to agitate</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">organize like never before</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">because the populist tea party is ongoing</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">70 million raging maga dancers </span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">await another bigoted pied piper </span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">who can play them the same tune</span></p>xpyr presshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12988452356594125772noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1454051870054975497.post-36373602681981797472020-11-17T20:25:00.007-08:002020-12-17T22:50:51.668-08:00Factory Farming is Not a Climate Solution<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYW8EXPi7wUo6FP3OYHSllQuNEhZ8hOMIQ-sOIkzto9x4cv7CdGsTy9jppdIt8Ek2T2vcZytCu1jq2eFpEqrqCh3Xm-3Ckqv5GYzv0dCTivD5nUQWLlzhQPofOyulU0zPoAdOMKCJ5ShZ4/s1200/Em7tbSeXIAEvmBJ.png" style="font-family: arial; font-size: large; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="675" data-original-width="1200" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYW8EXPi7wUo6FP3OYHSllQuNEhZ8hOMIQ-sOIkzto9x4cv7CdGsTy9jppdIt8Ek2T2vcZytCu1jq2eFpEqrqCh3Xm-3Ckqv5GYzv0dCTivD5nUQWLlzhQPofOyulU0zPoAdOMKCJ5ShZ4/w400-h225/Em7tbSeXIAEvmBJ.png" width="400" /></a><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b><a href="http://www.xpyrpress.com/2020/10/meat-society.html">Meat Society</a></b>: Number 9 in a series exploring issues related to curbing demand for animal products, an important climate change solution for individuals and nations alike, especially in Western states where meat and diary consumption dwarfs other regions.</span></p><p></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span>Excerpt from </span><i>Meat Climate Change: The 2nd Leading Cause of Global Warming</i><span> by Moses Seenarine, (2016). Xpyr Press, 348 pages ISBN: 0692641157 </span><a href="http://amzn.to/2yn7XrC">http://amzn.to/2yn7XrC</a></span></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">There are vast numbers of problems with animal-based agribusiness. When added up, the negative consequences of industrialized livestock production far outweigh any positives. Yet, the international food authority, the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) customary approach is to pursue well-tried, industrialized systems that, they argue, are essential to ‘‘maximize efficiency.’’</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Avoidance of future environmental destruction the FAO's industry-friendly 'solutions' will create is seen as merely a matter of (i) improved surveillance, (ii) tighter regulations, (iii) further rigorous safety inspections, and (iv) a generally inflated bureaucracy. The fundamental, unchallenged, principle is that the desire to maximize financial profit is the driver of the whole food chain. This does not translate to broad-based recommendations that are 'climate-friendly' or environmentally 'sustainable'.(636)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The UN organization's efficiency strategies are primarily market-based and tied to multinational banks and trading companies that control the funding of high protein feed, livestock production supply chains, and distribution networks owned by transnational food corporations (TFCs). Moreover, the FAO bureaucracy completely ignores growing consumer awareness and concern that factory farming treats animals like production machines, rather than individual sentient beings with welfare needs.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">In contrast, pet animals are considered as full subjects with names and personalities, worthy of affection and protection by several UN agencies. Factory farming involves intensive techniques on mostly female animals. The food animal industry is characterized by the use of cages, overcrowded sheds, and barren outdoor feedlots. Each creature is a mere production unit in intensive factories, where feeding is practiced on a massive scale.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Industrial animal agriculture involves the use of fast-growing or high-yield livestock breeds where the animals are subjected to painful production practices and prone to production-related diseases. Factory farming is energy-intensive, using concentrated feed and high mechanization. Similar to industrial feed production, factory farms have low labor requirements. The FAO 2013's recommendation for 30 percent mitigation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, are not as effective as curtailing demand. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">One review of global, regional and national levels of food's GHG outflows show that, in addition to technological mitigation, it will be necessary to shift consumption patterns, in particular away from diets rich in GHG-intensive animal-based and cow's milk products. This shift will be necessary not just in the developed North, but likewise, in the long term, in the developing world.(637)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Even if GHG discharges from food production were halved by 2050, and if 70 percent to 80 percent of the current forest carbon was preserved, global GHG pollution from other sectors still needed to peak before 2015. On top of that, total anthropogenic climate-altering gases will have to decrease 6.5 percent a year to limit planetary heating to 2˚C (3.6°F).(638)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The FAO 2013 report acknowledges that livestock's environmental problems "reflect weaknesses in institutions and policies." Yet, the international food agency remains completely silent on corporate governance and accountability. The UN authority only makes a token statement that safeguards should be in place to avoid the potential negative side-effect of efficiency gains.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Be that as it may, these 'safeguards' have done little in the past to prevent animal diseases, soil and water pollution, displacement, and so on. Repeatedly, safeguard language and criteria are used to justify expansion while they have little impact on deforestation, displacement, pollution, or the effects of large-scale expansion.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Given the difficulty of applying regulatory systems in the past, the likelihood of FAO's call for 'safeguards' being successfully enforced in the future is slim. The TFCs responsible for many of the existing problems have done little to deal with these problems.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Plus, the GHGs that will be generated in strengthening regulatory institutions and enforcing stricter policies are not part of FAO's calculations. Nor are the emissions released by cleanup efforts of the negative side-effects of efficiency taken into account. These outflows can dwarf all efficiency gains from this sector's emissions.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">from Chapter 17: THE POLITICS OF MEAT, page 170</span></p>xpyr presshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12988452356594125772noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1454051870054975497.post-77383910405528603182020-11-17T19:58:00.010-08:002020-12-17T22:50:41.413-08:00Animal Agribusiness Disorder<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2CeixfMyqHLpap1mfFDke953zoOLE0IzNIsSC31DJQbI5KdRCxF29xM5aR4giV08t0BU2l62cQCFVOKsj2h2k5W5-q-TkAfIw8rktATWoHwK7ILNx9F_fJhGj0lkgUhE-gRMzKOtph1Bi/s1280/200303-A-TC012-005.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="628" data-original-width="1280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2CeixfMyqHLpap1mfFDke953zoOLE0IzNIsSC31DJQbI5KdRCxF29xM5aR4giV08t0BU2l62cQCFVOKsj2h2k5W5-q-TkAfIw8rktATWoHwK7ILNx9F_fJhGj0lkgUhE-gRMzKOtph1Bi/s320/200303-A-TC012-005.JPG" width="320" /></a></span></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b><a href="http://www.xpyrpress.com/2020/10/meat-society.html">Meat Society</a></b>: Number 8 in a series exploring issues related to curbing demand for animal products, an important climate change solution for individuals and nations alike, especially in Western states where meat and diary consumption dwarfs other regions.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Excerpt from <i>Meat Climate Change: The 2nd Leading Cause of Global Warming</i> by Moses Seenarine, (2016). Xpyr Press, 348 pages ISBN: 0692641157 <a href="http://amzn.to/2yn7XrC">http://amzn.to/2yn7XrC</a><br /><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">In addition to greenhouse gases (GHGs), t</span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">here are dozens of grave concerns regarding livestock production. These concerns, listed below, are consequential and must be addressed. On top of that, they potently relate to climate warming since they often generate GHG pollution. For instance, rural displacement may stimulate increase of carbon footprints through migration to urban areas and adoption of animal-based diets.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Food animal production negatively impacts the following 19 areas: (1) the loss of forest and earth's sequestration capacity. This acerbates (2) resource scarcity, and (3) soil loss which is critical to food security. (4) The animal industry's water-use threatens food supply, security and human welfare. Factory farms are the number one consumer of water in drought-stricken California, for example.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">(5) There is the moral issue of wasting calories. With a billion and upwards malnourished people, the production of animal protein is far less efficient than producing equivalent amounts of plant protein. (6) Particularly troubling is the trend toward greater intensification and industrial production methods without regard to animal welfare. Animal factory farming is a new phenomenon that has established itself as the predominant mode of food animal production.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">(7) Another worry is the consolidation of ownership and the enormous power wielded by multinational trading companies over local and national governments. This unequal power impacts negatively on democracy, local control, accountability and oversight, sustainability disclosure, corporate governance, and policy changes.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">(8) There are massive and widespread problems with land rights, rural unemployment, displacement, violence, inequality, poor working conditions, and other forms of exploitation related to the sector. (9) Another major concern is that vast numbers of livestock and feed crops are often located in remote areas with severe effects on the environment, such as deforestation and land degradation, that is causing a rapid loss of biodiversity.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">(10) Food animal production is often located close to cities or ports, where insufficient land is available for processing the waste. This leads to soil, air and water pollution, which cause humans and animals to become prone to ill-health and disease. (11) Factory farming is the number one user of antibiotics in the US, up to 80 percent. This is causing bacterial resistance which defeats the use of these lifesaving drugs.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">(12) Another anxiety is that factory farms are inevitably breeding dangerous new strains of bacteria. Factory farming is the number one reason for the rapid spread of bird flu (H5N2) and swine flu (H1N1). (13) A further concern relates to health effects of genetically modified crops, and residues from herbicides, like glyphosate.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">(14) Stagnating crop yields is an immense worry. (15) So too are the effects of climate change, such as heat stress and disease, on the production and efficiency of food animals. And, (16) livestock over-consumption, and the effects of an animal-based diet on human health, are immense causes for concern as well.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">(17) Nutrient flows in the earth system are instrumental to food security and short-term GHG discharges. Some scenarios project that by 2050 global crops will expand by 82 percent, and livestock production will soar upwards 115 percent from 2000 levels. This massive addition in nutrient pollution, land and water requirements will lead to intensifying global hunger, resource conflicts, and refugee crises.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">In addition, (18) there is a multiplicity of concerns regarding dependency, distribution and corruption in the food supply. And, (19) a trend towards eating processed, animal-based foods produced in a different country multiplies GHG emissions per gram, and makes monitoring countries’ individual GHG pollution far trickier. These concerns, as well as others, present troubling perplexities for creating a just and sustainable food production system.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">From Chapter 11: WHAT CRISIS? page 112</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p>xpyr presshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12988452356594125772noreply@blogger.com0